WEBVTT

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Well, guys,

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you have picked the coolest

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independent activities period class you

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could ever do with ground school. This

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is the most awesome thing possible when

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I saw the course offerings. So, kudos to

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Tina and Phil for teaching this. This is

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a good good gig.

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Uh I go by Laz. It's a fighter pilot

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thing. All fighter pilots have call

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signs.

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Um they're not like what you see in the

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movies. By the way, Top Gun is the worst

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movie for any fighter pilot to watch.

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It's terrible. Drives you crazy. No one

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is called Maverick because they're the

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most awesome thing on the face of the

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planet. Never happens that way. Uh

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you're always named for something silly.

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So, the previous discussion about uh

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crew resource management, if you're

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single seat, you still have air traffic

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control, you have other guys. Uh I am

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living proof that that's 100% true. So,

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I won't get into it too much, but

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suffice to say if you know the biblical

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story of Lazarus, you know a lot about

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how I got my name and I'll leave it at

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that. Normally, that's over a beer

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afterwards. So, we're here to talk about

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uh F-22 flight control stuff. I'm going

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to give you the the punchline right at

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the start. I'm here to tell you that

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everything you're learning So, who who's

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actually flown airplanes here already?

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Like sailplanes. So, a lot of guys,

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right? So, a lot of guys So, first time

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then for probably the other half of the

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class or so. Uh so, here's what I'm here

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to tell you. The same stuff that you're

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learning with respect to Cessnas and all

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the stuff with respect to the ground

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school, um there's no difference

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between this and between my beloved

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Raptor. It's the same thing. So, there's

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great relevance. And you as MIT guys

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have the ability to derive and figure

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out what makes the Raptor look the way

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that it does and we can talk a lot about

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the flight controls. It's not cosmic. We

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can go through that.

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So, with that, uh they always have the

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standard personal background slide. Um

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here's here's the gig. I'll keep it

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really simple. I am a test pilot. Uh

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which means I am a fighter pilot and I'm

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also an engineer. It means I like Beavis

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and Butt-Head greatly and I read Carl

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Sagan. It's the same thing to me. Uh so,

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as a fighter test pilot, you live in the

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world of being a fighter pilot, uh but

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you also have the ability to understand

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MATLAB and to be able to do cool neat

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MIT-ish kind of things because all of

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the stuff that you're working with as a

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test pilot are brand new things. Uh new

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weapons, new avionics, new airplanes in

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some cases. And that's not the world of

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a fighter pilot. Fighter pilots are

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exceptionally good at taking this

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airplane to combat and doing the normal

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kind of missions with it, but when

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there's something new on board, that

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requires an engineer. So, uh I have a

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deep deep connection with this

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institution. I graduated here finished

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up here last year in 2018 and then a

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whole bunch of other kind of funky stuff

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along the way.

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Uh two combat tours. Uh that was a lot

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of fun. I'll tell you flying is one of

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my great passions. Flying and getting

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shot at and missed is my second great

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passion. That's much cooler. Um and then

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when you can fly and you can use that

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airplane to actually protect people from

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bad guys, that's that's that's life

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fulfilling, right? To go get a chance to

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go do that. So, we can talk a little bit

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more through that as well. Um test

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pilot, we get a chance to fly a lot of

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different stuff. So, you'll see this uh

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76 different airplanes. Uh that might

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sound weird to kind of the rest of the

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world, but in the world of flight test,

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that's pretty normal. And the reason

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that's there is it's just like like So,

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I By the way, warning, right? To the

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class. I I talk a lot in terms of

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movies, right? Game of Thrones shows or

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whatever television shows and sports

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because no matter where you come from,

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those three topics always tend to bring

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everybody all together. So, it is just

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like what you've, you know, when you've

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gone car shopping and you sit in this

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car and go, "Ah, man, I really like this

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way the steering wheel feels, but I hate

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the way the radio is set up." And you go

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to another car and you go, "Ah, man,

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this is great from a, you know, from the

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sunroof or whatever, but this stinks."

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Uh that same kind of the discernment

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that you have when you're shopping for

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cars, you know, that this airplane is a

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couple hundred million dollars. You

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don't want to be wrong about that. And

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so, you want your test pilots very very

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experienced in a lot of different

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airplanes. So, I've got a chance to fly

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helicopters. Spectacular. In pilot

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training, I don't know why, but we send

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our worst pilot training students to

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helicopters. It's the dumbest idea

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because helicopters are really really

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challenging to go fly. Um but we've had

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a chance to fly helicopters. Your

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discussion, Tina, earlier about right

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away, I was laughing with that cuz I've

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flown a zeppelin uh an airship. It It's

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quite spectacular. It's a big lazy boy

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couch

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uh with a big trim wheel and big engines

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that actually pivot on the outside so

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you can turn the whole ship based on

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that. Um that's pretty normal for for

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being a test pilot is getting a chance

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to fly a lot of different airplanes more

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so than just one particular airplane

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your whole life. Most of my stuff is in

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fighters.

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Um so, I've flown every frontline

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fighter with the exception of the F-35.

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Hopefully, I'll fix that soon shortly in

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a few months.

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Um but a lot of stuff. So, MIT guy,

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Harvard guy, uh did some stuff. It's

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it's been a good life. Um really at the

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end of the day, what I want to impress

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on you is uh I am 100% zero different

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from anybody in this room. I just have

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more battle scars on me just from a

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lifetime of doing this. Uh I started off

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flying Cessnas. I did that for several

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years in my life. I still do it. I um

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love it. Fly sailplanes. Still do it.

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Love it.

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Uh and all the stuff that you learn with

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this has direct applicability to the

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more advanced fighter airplanes. In

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fact, I'll tell you, this is actually

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harder to fly than the Raptor. And we'll

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talk a little bit more about that as we

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go through. All right. So, more fun and

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games. All right. So, now comes the

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class participation part. Uh my my talks

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are very interactive. I love to kind of

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hear what you guys think. So, we'll do a

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quick thought exercise. I'll try and

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keep a mental note cuz I stink at

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writing on a chalkboard.

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Um but we'll chat through this. Just so

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you can understand that there's really

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not that much difference from what

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you're learning now to go off to do

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something like that. So, why does a

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Cessna look the way that it does? And

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why does a Raptor look the way that it

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does? What were the engineers trying to

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do? And just just call them out. You

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know where we're going. Guys, just

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shoot.

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Is it related to the Raptor? Okay, so

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explain. Um you have um way more area

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that's clear. The wings are uh swept

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back and are kind of below you in the

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back so you can go. Yeah. See over

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there, right? So, you you've brought up

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two things. One is the position of the

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wings, right? So, in a Cessna,

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uh the wings are obviously

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Well, in a lot of airplanes really, not

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just Cessnas, but in a Cessna, the wings

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are directly above you. Big Hershey bar

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wing. You know, why do they put the

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wings this way in a Cessna?

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You're You're doing great so far. Keep

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going, man. I'm I'm going to answer

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that. Get get in or out of a Cirrus in

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the heavy rain and you will immediately

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see the value of that Cessna wing. Yeah.

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They did this so that my wife doesn't

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yell at me in bad weather conditions so

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that you can get inside the airplane

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without getting completely wet. The

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other part about the high wing is it's

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great for visibility. Looking down,

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right? Um where this is terrible is if

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you're turning and you have to be able

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to see through the wing because you're

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kind of doing the old, you know, looking

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over the side to see uh kind of out the

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outside. So, that's one advantage,

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right? Of where Raptor, right? It's not

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a high wing or it's kind of like a mid

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wing, if you will, but that wing is well

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after the cockpit for what reason?

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Visibility? Yeah.

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That's that's the big huge reason why.

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And then you also brought up the idea of

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the swept wings.

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All right. Uh why the swept wings

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compared to, say, straight wings?

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Um well, when they have an aerodynamic

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advantage. Okay. What's that What's

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What's that advantage? Um

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something about um

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You got a winglet or like wingtip

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vortices?

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Close.

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Close. I'll I'll I'll stop picking on

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you because you're a bold and went

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first. Go ahead.

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Yeah, Mach. So, so explain Mach.

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Uh fast Closer you get to the speed of

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sound, more compressibility is

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important. Yep. Uh aerodynamically, the

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wing really behaves

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like it's going at the speed normal to

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the leading edge.

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Yeah. So, you ever you ever see those

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old like the first jet airplanes that

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came out? Um the wings on the jet

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airplanes had wings that looked exactly

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like this.

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Um and that was a problem. I'm going to

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do something I thought I wouldn't try to

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do, but I'll try to do it. So, here's

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your swept wing, right? Here's the air

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as it comes over the wing.

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Right? And then what ends up happening

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is uh really what you care about is the

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air that's going over top of the wing

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that's normal to the chord line of the

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wing itself. You know what I mean when I

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say chord? Right? Just like this

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imaginary line. So, on a Hershey bar

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wing, all of that air hits the wing and

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it goes directly over top of that chord

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line of the wing. So, like when we

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talked about over here, the wings have

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camber.

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So, what happens to the air as it goes

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over top of any wing? Doesn't matter if

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it's a fighter wing or whatever else.

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But what what happens to the velocity of

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the air as it goes over top?

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Goes faster, right? So, if I'm already

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going fast and air hits my wing and goes

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over top of my wing and goes faster than

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the rest of the airplane, uh that's

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going to cause a problem when you get to

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very high speeds approaching Mach cuz

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what ends up happening is you'll you'll

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get a shock wave forming on that wing.

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And the moment you get a shock wave

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forming there, that's like a big brick

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wall to the to the wind and that causes

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all types of drag downstream, slows down

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the airplane, all types of things. So,

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what they found is I can sweep the wing,

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right? When I sweep the wing, some of

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that air is normal to the chord line.

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So, if this is like the fuselage over

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here and here's the wing and it comes

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back over here. Um some of that air is

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going to be that way and some of that

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air is going to actually go out and go

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uh

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go spanwise, if you will, like this. So,

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I'm trying to draw this correctly to get

00:09:22.320 --> 00:09:26.280
the to get the right angles, but you you

00:09:24.000 --> 00:09:28.000
kind of get my point. So, some of that

00:09:26.279 --> 00:09:29.120
air goes spanwise.

00:09:28.000 --> 00:09:31.039
Some of the reason why you have wing

00:09:29.120 --> 00:09:31.960
winglets, right? To present prevent some

00:09:31.039 --> 00:09:33.039
of that drag that happens at the

00:09:31.960 --> 00:09:34.400
winglet. But then also, what you're

00:09:33.039 --> 00:09:35.919
worried about is rather than the full

00:09:34.399 --> 00:09:38.039
component of this wind, you're only

00:09:35.919 --> 00:09:39.279
worried about the wind that's normal to

00:09:38.039 --> 00:09:40.480
the flow

00:09:39.279 --> 00:09:42.039
of the way the chord line is set up. So,

00:09:40.480 --> 00:09:43.360
that's why they sweep the wings, right?

00:09:42.039 --> 00:09:45.000
Okay, so what else?

00:09:43.360 --> 00:09:47.759
Why does a Cessna look this way? Why

00:09:45.000 --> 00:09:48.320
does this look like that? Go ahead.

00:09:47.759 --> 00:09:49.720
Uh

00:09:48.320 --> 00:09:50.400
yeah, go ahead. Both.

00:09:49.720 --> 00:09:52.240
Uh

00:09:50.399 --> 00:09:53.919
stealth and payload and armor. Okay, so

00:09:52.240 --> 00:09:55.080
stealth. Payload is an important thing.

00:09:53.919 --> 00:09:56.439
Let's talk about the payload for a

00:09:55.080 --> 00:09:58.800
second. Actually, we'll talk about

00:09:56.440 --> 00:10:00.920
stealth since you brought it up. Um so

00:09:58.799 --> 00:10:04.679
look at that plan form and what do you

00:10:00.919 --> 00:10:04.679
notice with regards to stealth?

00:10:05.120 --> 00:10:10.879
All angles. All angles, right? That

00:10:07.639 --> 00:10:13.240
angle, that angle, that angle. No right

00:10:10.879 --> 00:10:15.919
angles. Yeah, no right angles. So the

00:10:13.240 --> 00:10:18.799
reason is and I'll do

00:10:15.919 --> 00:10:19.759
my high-tech pizza, you know, aid here,

00:10:18.799 --> 00:10:22.359
right?

00:10:19.759 --> 00:10:24.600
So who's who's EE in here? Anyone EE

00:10:22.360 --> 00:10:26.080
from MIT? Okay. So if you're a beam of

00:10:24.600 --> 00:10:29.200
radar energy,

00:10:26.080 --> 00:10:31.160
you love this, right? You love when you

00:10:29.200 --> 00:10:33.040
have a nice flat thing directly to

00:10:31.159 --> 00:10:36.000
reflect so all that radar energy you put

00:10:33.039 --> 00:10:38.719
at me goes right back at you, right? Now

00:10:36.000 --> 00:10:41.000
what happens if I take that panel and I

00:10:38.720 --> 00:10:42.600
go like this a little bit, right? So

00:10:41.000 --> 00:10:44.000
yeah, there's not so much. Now I'll

00:10:42.600 --> 00:10:46.320
really mess with your mind. What happens

00:10:44.000 --> 00:10:47.759
if I do that, right? And now you have to

00:10:46.320 --> 00:10:49.600
start dealing with angles and edges,

00:10:47.759 --> 00:10:53.039
right? Um

00:10:49.600 --> 00:10:55.680
Raptor is this constant fight between

00:10:53.039 --> 00:10:56.919
the EE guys and the aeronautical

00:10:55.679 --> 00:10:58.279
engineers.

00:10:56.919 --> 00:10:59.679
Um when you make an airplane like this

00:10:58.279 --> 00:11:00.879
and you make angles like this and you

00:10:59.679 --> 00:11:02.159
make it there's no right angles or

00:11:00.879 --> 00:11:04.200
whatever else like that, you're exactly

00:11:02.159 --> 00:11:05.838
right. It greatly reduces the stealth.

00:11:04.200 --> 00:11:07.320
Now this is not Wonder Woman's airplane.

00:11:05.839 --> 00:11:09.320
It's not like you just become invisible

00:11:07.320 --> 00:11:12.040
and no one can see you. Um but it's very

00:11:09.320 --> 00:11:13.640
very hard to see uh on radar. Um but

00:11:12.039 --> 00:11:15.039
there's a challenge in that because when

00:11:13.639 --> 00:11:18.080
you make an airplane that looks like

00:11:15.039 --> 00:11:20.759
this, which the EE guys tend to like,

00:11:18.080 --> 00:11:23.280
the aero engineer guys tend to hate

00:11:20.759 --> 00:11:25.360
because it makes the airplane unstable.

00:11:23.279 --> 00:11:28.079
Uh so we'll talk about that. Um this

00:11:25.360 --> 00:11:29.600
airplane very very stable, very very

00:11:28.080 --> 00:11:31.360
stable. Okay, what else? Couple other

00:11:29.600 --> 00:11:32.600
things. So why does a Raptor look this

00:11:31.360 --> 00:11:35.879
way?

00:11:32.600 --> 00:11:35.879
Why does a Cessna look this way?

00:11:35.919 --> 00:11:39.719
Go ahead. Uh I feel like the Cessna is

00:11:37.679 --> 00:11:40.838
designed to be produced with cheap

00:11:39.720 --> 00:11:43.279
commodity materials.

00:11:40.839 --> 00:11:45.560
Yep. The Raptor probably uses exotic

00:11:43.279 --> 00:11:47.240
metals, exotic metals. Yep.

00:11:45.559 --> 00:11:49.399
Titanium, whole types of stuff, right?

00:11:47.240 --> 00:11:50.759
So this is an airplane people buy

00:11:49.399 --> 00:11:52.519
commercially.

00:11:50.759 --> 00:11:54.639
If you had if you were Jeff Bezos, you

00:11:52.519 --> 00:11:56.919
would never purchase this airplane.

00:11:54.639 --> 00:11:59.679
Cuz it is hyper expensive. Um

00:11:56.919 --> 00:12:01.039
my jets were test jets, uh which means

00:11:59.679 --> 00:12:04.679
they were very different, almost like

00:12:01.039 --> 00:12:07.360
hand-built custom F-22s. Each one

00:12:04.679 --> 00:12:08.959
3 to 400 million dollars a piece. Uh

00:12:07.360 --> 00:12:11.240
scary, right? In terms of how much it

00:12:08.960 --> 00:12:12.920
actually costs. Uh the canopy on this

00:12:11.240 --> 00:12:15.480
thing probably worth more than about 10

00:12:12.919 --> 00:12:16.838
of these kind of all put together.

00:12:15.480 --> 00:12:18.320
Um the payload part, you brought up

00:12:16.839 --> 00:12:20.120
payload, too. So the other part about

00:12:18.320 --> 00:12:22.400
the stealth, if you can see here, I've

00:12:20.120 --> 00:12:24.679
got doors. So there's a big main weapon

00:12:22.399 --> 00:12:26.079
bay door, big 17-ft doors, if you will,

00:12:24.679 --> 00:12:28.599
and then there's doors on the side that

00:12:26.080 --> 00:12:30.160
come open here. Um

00:12:28.600 --> 00:12:31.320
Unlike a Cessna, I mean we talked about

00:12:30.159 --> 00:12:32.879
you can Where'd Tina go? Oh, she

00:12:31.320 --> 00:12:34.839
disappeared. The dropped object,

00:12:32.879 --> 00:12:37.360
dropping pumpkins? Uh my pumpkins are

00:12:34.839 --> 00:12:38.760
1,000 lb, uh come off the airplane just

00:12:37.360 --> 00:12:40.440
like that, uh different missiles and

00:12:38.759 --> 00:12:42.000
different bombs or whatever. The center

00:12:40.440 --> 00:12:44.160
of gravity of the airplane is right

00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:45.799
about where my finger is. And so I have

00:12:44.159 --> 00:12:47.000
these weapons that are here that when I

00:12:45.799 --> 00:12:49.319
release them, it's suddenly like

00:12:47.000 --> 00:12:51.320
dropping a car off the front end of your

00:12:49.320 --> 00:12:54.080
airplane. And so there's a huge center

00:12:51.320 --> 00:12:55.560
of gravity shift that happens

00:12:54.080 --> 00:12:57.280
just like that. And so the flight

00:12:55.559 --> 00:12:58.959
controls need to be able to compensate

00:12:57.279 --> 00:13:00.439
for something like that. Last piece I'll

00:12:58.960 --> 00:13:01.920
give you just for sake of time is what's

00:13:00.440 --> 00:13:05.720
the speed envelope, if you will, that

00:13:01.919 --> 00:13:05.719
this airplane kind of operates.

00:13:07.039 --> 00:13:11.838
What's that?

00:13:09.320 --> 00:13:13.280
Oh, I wish 200. Man, I wish 200. I would

00:13:11.839 --> 00:13:15.680
buy one right now if I could go 200 in

00:13:13.279 --> 00:13:15.679
this thing.

00:13:16.080 --> 00:13:21.160
160. Yeah, I mean on a good day, right?

00:13:19.879 --> 00:13:22.559
You might get you know, if you were to

00:13:21.159 --> 00:13:25.639
get a really really high-end general

00:13:22.559 --> 00:13:26.799
aviation airplane, 160 knots or so

00:13:25.639 --> 00:13:27.960
something like that. You can get more

00:13:26.799 --> 00:13:30.639
than that, but then you start getting to

00:13:27.960 --> 00:13:32.360
some real like Mercedes-Benz exotic

00:13:30.639 --> 00:13:34.000
class kind of general aviation airplanes

00:13:32.360 --> 00:13:35.720
that are like the Cirrus

00:13:34.000 --> 00:13:37.240
that go beyond there. Um in general,

00:13:35.720 --> 00:13:39.600
you're talking somewhere between 80 and

00:13:37.240 --> 00:13:42.000
about 140, 150 for most of them or

00:13:39.600 --> 00:13:43.759
something like that. Uh this airplane,

00:13:42.000 --> 00:13:47.480
if believe it or not, this airplane can

00:13:43.759 --> 00:13:49.759
actually fly as slow as the Cessna. But

00:13:47.480 --> 00:13:50.839
it also can fly two times the speed of

00:13:49.759 --> 00:13:52.360
sound.

00:13:50.839 --> 00:13:54.600
Um and it does that pretty easily,

00:13:52.360 --> 00:13:57.240
believe it or not. Um also this

00:13:54.600 --> 00:13:58.200
airplane, um 60° of bank starts to get

00:13:57.240 --> 00:14:00.240
really extreme, a little bit

00:13:58.200 --> 00:14:02.280
uncomfortable. This airplane

00:14:00.240 --> 00:14:04.000
fully aerobatic, doesn't care, pulls 9

00:14:02.279 --> 00:14:06.079
Gs. You guys know what Gs are? The

00:14:04.000 --> 00:14:08.360
accelerations of gravity. So everything,

00:14:06.080 --> 00:14:09.879
you know, my human head, well, MIT MIT

00:14:08.360 --> 00:14:12.240
heads weigh about 20 lb or so, a little

00:14:09.879 --> 00:14:13.838
bit more than the than the norm. So at 9

00:14:12.240 --> 00:14:16.919
Gs, everything on your body weighs nine

00:14:13.839 --> 00:14:18.240
times as much. So that's 180 lb with

00:14:16.919 --> 00:14:19.679
your neck has to be able to support

00:14:18.240 --> 00:14:21.480
that. Imagine everything on this

00:14:19.679 --> 00:14:23.838
airplane has to be stressed such that it

00:14:21.480 --> 00:14:26.159
can tolerate that load and more. Also

00:14:23.839 --> 00:14:28.000
can go negative G as well. Uh

00:14:26.159 --> 00:14:31.799
altitude-wise, I think the highest I've

00:14:28.000 --> 00:14:33.519
ever had a Cessna was about 14,000 ft

00:14:31.799 --> 00:14:34.838
and it was wheezing. I mean it was

00:14:33.519 --> 00:14:37.679
really really hard for it to get up

00:14:34.839 --> 00:14:40.480
there. Uh this airplane goes 0 ft all

00:14:37.679 --> 00:14:42.838
the way up to about 60 to 65,000 ft. So

00:14:40.480 --> 00:14:44.720
it flies twice as high of what you would

00:14:42.839 --> 00:14:46.640
see on your commercial airliners. What

00:14:44.720 --> 00:14:49.160
I'm trying to impress on you is it's a

00:14:46.639 --> 00:14:51.639
huge flight envelope with a very

00:14:49.159 --> 00:14:52.838
different solution set

00:14:51.639 --> 00:14:54.639
um compared to what you might have on a

00:14:52.839 --> 00:14:57.120
Cessna. The only other thing I would say

00:14:54.639 --> 00:14:58.519
with Raptor is uh this was something

00:14:57.120 --> 00:15:00.600
that took me a while. My first combat

00:14:58.519 --> 00:15:03.000
mission, I really understood this.

00:15:00.600 --> 00:15:04.800
Uh in a Cessna, if I have a problem,

00:15:03.000 --> 00:15:06.720
I can land and most likely people will

00:15:04.799 --> 00:15:08.399
come out to help me and call home and

00:15:06.720 --> 00:15:10.000
let everybody know I'm okay.

00:15:08.399 --> 00:15:11.319
Uh in bad guy land,

00:15:10.000 --> 00:15:12.720
uh if people are coming to get me,

00:15:11.320 --> 00:15:13.680
they're they really are coming to get

00:15:12.720 --> 00:15:15.959
me.

00:15:13.679 --> 00:15:17.919
Uh so you're in very hostile territory

00:15:15.958 --> 00:15:19.838
where you do not want to leave the

00:15:17.919 --> 00:15:22.279
airplane if you can avoid it. So there's

00:15:19.839 --> 00:15:24.200
a tremendous amount of redundancy that's

00:15:22.279 --> 00:15:25.240
kind of built into this airplane. Uh

00:15:24.200 --> 00:15:27.400
we'll talk more through that a little

00:15:25.240 --> 00:15:30.079
bit. So anyway, um you've essentially

00:15:27.399 --> 00:15:31.759
derived all of the challenges that a

00:15:30.078 --> 00:15:34.599
flight control engineer would have to

00:15:31.759 --> 00:15:34.600
deal with. um

00:15:35.879 --> 00:15:40.480
I'll put this here just for sake of

00:15:37.200 --> 00:15:41.640
making it easy to rest.

00:15:40.480 --> 00:15:43.399
This airplane has what's called

00:15:41.639 --> 00:15:45.958
reversible flight control system. What

00:15:43.399 --> 00:15:45.958
does that mean?

00:15:46.078 --> 00:15:49.399
You guys talked about that yet? Go

00:15:46.919 --> 00:15:50.639
ahead. It means you It's basically

00:15:49.399 --> 00:15:52.399
cables or when you move

00:15:50.639 --> 00:15:53.480
Yep. say the direction of the ailerons.

00:15:52.399 --> 00:15:54.639
Yep. So not only when you move the

00:15:53.480 --> 00:15:56.000
stick. What happens if you go outside

00:15:54.639 --> 00:15:57.480
the airplane, grab the aileron, move

00:15:56.000 --> 00:15:58.360
that up and down? What happens inside?

00:15:57.480 --> 00:16:01.079
The stick moves, right? So it's

00:15:58.360 --> 00:16:02.440
reversible, right? So I move the stick

00:16:01.078 --> 00:16:04.439
and the flight control surfaces will

00:16:02.440 --> 00:16:06.240
deflect or I move the flight control

00:16:04.440 --> 00:16:07.959
surfaces and the stick will deflect. So

00:16:06.240 --> 00:16:11.159
they are directly connected with pulleys

00:16:07.958 --> 00:16:12.519
and cables to one another. Um

00:16:11.159 --> 00:16:14.199
For the guys who have flown, what does

00:16:12.519 --> 00:16:17.600
the airplane feel like when you get to

00:16:14.200 --> 00:16:18.839
100, 120, 130, 140 mph? I mean you're

00:16:17.600 --> 00:16:21.399
really getting What what what does it

00:16:18.839 --> 00:16:22.680
feel like on the control surfaces?

00:16:21.399 --> 00:16:23.879
Yeah, lots. It gets heavy, right? It

00:16:22.679 --> 00:16:25.559
gets real stick kind of heavy. Same

00:16:23.879 --> 00:16:27.000
thing if you're slow, everything gets

00:16:25.559 --> 00:16:29.159
kind of sloppy, if you will, and very

00:16:27.000 --> 00:16:31.360
cuz you are directly feeling the air

00:16:29.159 --> 00:16:34.439
loads on the airplane as transmitted to

00:16:31.360 --> 00:16:36.320
the stick. Um in this airplane,

00:16:34.440 --> 00:16:38.120
uh these flight control surfaces, this

00:16:36.320 --> 00:16:40.040
this tail surface back here is about the

00:16:38.120 --> 00:16:41.919
size of a lot of fighter wings. It's

00:16:40.039 --> 00:16:44.319
huge. Um

00:16:41.919 --> 00:16:46.319
and you can imagine at 120, 130, the

00:16:44.320 --> 00:16:48.640
airplane's really hard to really move.

00:16:46.320 --> 00:16:50.320
Well, what happens if you're going 1,000

00:16:48.639 --> 00:16:51.679
mph? Um you could be Arnold

00:16:50.320 --> 00:16:53.959
Schwarzenegger, you do not have the

00:16:51.679 --> 00:16:56.159
strength to maneuver these controls

00:16:53.958 --> 00:16:59.239
around. So this airplane has a very very

00:16:56.159 --> 00:17:00.919
exotic hydraulic system and an computer

00:16:59.240 --> 00:17:02.919
system and an electric system that

00:17:00.919 --> 00:17:04.319
allows all that to operate. From the

00:17:02.919 --> 00:17:08.599
hydraulics, I'm not kidding, there's

00:17:04.319 --> 00:17:10.678
like 4,000 PSI of hydraulic fluid uh

00:17:08.599 --> 00:17:12.399
that moves this whole thing around,

00:17:10.679 --> 00:17:14.439
swings it back and forth.

00:17:12.400 --> 00:17:16.280
Um from the electric standpoint, now

00:17:14.439 --> 00:17:18.160
again, this is a reversible flight

00:17:16.279 --> 00:17:19.720
control system, all manual. Um the

00:17:18.160 --> 00:17:21.839
flight controls in this airplane don't

00:17:19.720 --> 00:17:25.480
work unless the electrics are turned on

00:17:21.838 --> 00:17:27.359
to go do it. Uh so your flight controls

00:17:25.480 --> 00:17:29.519
are electrically

00:17:27.359 --> 00:17:30.919
controlled, hydraulically powered but

00:17:29.519 --> 00:17:33.559
electrically controlled, which is a

00:17:30.920 --> 00:17:35.360
little weird when you think about it

00:17:33.559 --> 00:17:37.480
because now all of a sudden electrical

00:17:35.359 --> 00:17:39.759
problems in this airplane start

00:17:37.480 --> 00:17:41.519
impacting your ability to fly the

00:17:39.759 --> 00:17:43.240
airplane, which gets a little bit

00:17:41.519 --> 00:17:44.839
strange. Um you guys ever hear of a

00:17:43.240 --> 00:17:46.640
thing called a permanent magnetic

00:17:44.839 --> 00:17:48.879
generator? Do you know what that is? A

00:17:46.640 --> 00:17:50.880
little bit of a technical term.

00:17:48.880 --> 00:17:52.520
Who knows? You know a lot, go ahead. Uh

00:17:50.880 --> 00:17:54.960
is it a type of Is it a type of

00:17:52.519 --> 00:17:56.639
generator that uses permanent magnets to

00:17:54.960 --> 00:17:58.319
Outstanding. Yes, you have correctly

00:17:56.640 --> 00:18:00.560
derived the definition of a permanent

00:17:58.319 --> 00:18:03.000
magnetic generator. Now, the way it

00:18:00.559 --> 00:18:04.839
works is um

00:18:03.000 --> 00:18:06.880
this airplane has six permanent magnetic

00:18:04.839 --> 00:18:09.279
generators. They are the primary source

00:18:06.880 --> 00:18:11.520
of flight control power. All that has to

00:18:09.279 --> 00:18:13.240
happen is the engines have to rotate.

00:18:11.519 --> 00:18:14.960
That's it. So even if the engines are

00:18:13.240 --> 00:18:16.359
shut down, I can just keep wind going

00:18:14.960 --> 00:18:18.039
through the engines and they rotate.

00:18:16.359 --> 00:18:19.879
They will rotate sufficient to generate

00:18:18.039 --> 00:18:22.440
power from the permanent magnetic

00:18:19.880 --> 00:18:24.560
generators. If those fail, the airplane

00:18:22.440 --> 00:18:25.600
also has electrical generators on board.

00:18:24.559 --> 00:18:27.200
There's two of them. There's actually

00:18:25.599 --> 00:18:29.279
three of them on board. They can power

00:18:27.200 --> 00:18:31.480
the flight controls as well. Worst case

00:18:29.279 --> 00:18:33.639
scenario for a Raptor pilot, the engines

00:18:31.480 --> 00:18:35.960
seize up, I lose my electrical power,

00:18:33.640 --> 00:18:37.400
the only thing I have left is a battery.

00:18:35.960 --> 00:18:38.679
And just like anything else battery, the

00:18:37.400 --> 00:18:40.200
more you use it, the more it depletes.

00:18:38.679 --> 00:18:42.280
So at that point, any deflection of the

00:18:40.200 --> 00:18:43.960
flight control surfaces depletes the

00:18:42.279 --> 00:18:46.359
electrical energy and you don't have

00:18:43.960 --> 00:18:47.960
that much left to actually control it.

00:18:46.359 --> 00:18:49.199
Okay, one last thing here, we'll move on

00:18:47.960 --> 00:18:52.159
to the next slide. We'll talk a little

00:18:49.200 --> 00:18:53.519
bit some just some definitions. Um the

00:18:52.159 --> 00:18:55.960
wing has this thing on the front. You

00:18:53.519 --> 00:18:57.200
know what that is what that's called?

00:18:55.960 --> 00:19:00.600
Leading edge flaps, right? Okay,

00:18:57.200 --> 00:19:02.240
perfect. All right. What's that called?

00:19:00.599 --> 00:19:03.039
Ailerons. Um

00:19:02.240 --> 00:19:03.880
now

00:19:03.039 --> 00:19:05.119
What I What I hear I heard something

00:19:03.880 --> 00:19:07.520
else. Flaps.

00:19:05.119 --> 00:19:08.918
Ah, who who said that?

00:19:07.519 --> 00:19:10.960
Ah, okay. Explain.

00:19:08.919 --> 00:19:12.840
Uh it's a it's combination of both flap

00:19:10.960 --> 00:19:14.799
and aileron. Um

00:19:12.839 --> 00:19:17.359
flaps are on the outside, ailerons are

00:19:14.799 --> 00:19:19.079
on the inside. And no, did I get that

00:19:17.359 --> 00:19:21.079
backwards? Yep. All the way around.

00:19:19.079 --> 00:19:22.319
Other way around, yeah. Yep. And um

00:19:21.079 --> 00:19:24.039
depending on which you're doing of

00:19:22.319 --> 00:19:25.279
flight you're you're in, you either have

00:19:24.039 --> 00:19:27.200
full use of

00:19:25.279 --> 00:19:28.519
control surfaces or part of it is

00:19:27.200 --> 00:19:30.360
dedicated to being the flap and part of

00:19:28.519 --> 00:19:31.960
it is dedicated to being the ailerons.

00:19:30.359 --> 00:19:33.759
Yeah.

00:19:31.960 --> 00:19:35.559
Outstanding. That's good. In this

00:19:33.759 --> 00:19:36.960
airplane, this airplane has what?

00:19:35.559 --> 00:19:38.759
Ailerons, right?

00:19:36.960 --> 00:19:41.279
So if I want to go right and I move the

00:19:38.759 --> 00:19:42.879
yoke right, what happens to the ailerons

00:19:41.279 --> 00:19:44.000
here in this airplane?

00:19:42.880 --> 00:19:45.880
Sorry, I'll put it that way, that way

00:19:44.000 --> 00:19:48.279
you're set up. So I'm going this way. So

00:19:45.880 --> 00:19:49.840
this aileron is doing what? Going down.

00:19:48.279 --> 00:19:53.440
Going down, right? This aileron is doing

00:19:49.839 --> 00:19:55.039
what? Up. Up, right? Um

00:19:53.440 --> 00:19:57.400
So I'll cut to the chase.

00:19:55.039 --> 00:19:59.319
These are ailerons. These are So, these

00:19:57.400 --> 00:20:01.000
are the flaperons. Here in the inside,

00:19:59.319 --> 00:20:01.679
these are the ailerons.

00:20:01.000 --> 00:20:04.680
Um

00:20:01.680 --> 00:20:06.080
in a Raptor uh those ailerons deflect

00:20:04.680 --> 00:20:08.840
differentially. So, just like you have

00:20:06.079 --> 00:20:12.359
in a Cessna, they can also both deflect

00:20:08.839 --> 00:20:14.959
up. They can also both deflect down. The

00:20:12.359 --> 00:20:16.759
flaps on the inboard are flaps and

00:20:14.960 --> 00:20:19.400
ailerons, flaperons. So, they can

00:20:16.759 --> 00:20:21.119
deflect up and they can deflect down.

00:20:19.400 --> 00:20:24.000
We'll show why. That brings up some neat

00:20:21.119 --> 00:20:25.039
stuff. Okay? Rudder, obviously, back

00:20:24.000 --> 00:20:27.480
here.

00:20:25.039 --> 00:20:29.279
Um in this airplane, when I push the

00:20:27.480 --> 00:20:32.160
rudder left, the rudder deflects left. I

00:20:29.279 --> 00:20:33.920
deflect right. Um this has two rudders.

00:20:32.160 --> 00:20:35.519
Uh both rudders can deflect one way.

00:20:33.920 --> 00:20:37.320
They can deflect the other way. They can

00:20:35.519 --> 00:20:39.039
both deflect in, and there's some

00:20:37.319 --> 00:20:41.679
reasons why you'd want to do that. And

00:20:39.039 --> 00:20:44.079
they can both deflect out.

00:20:41.680 --> 00:20:45.120
Uh the last piece I'll give you is uh

00:20:44.079 --> 00:20:47.480
back here. Normally, this would be

00:20:45.119 --> 00:20:49.839
called an elevator. But on a supersonic

00:20:47.480 --> 00:20:51.720
airplane, we call these uh horizontal

00:20:49.839 --> 00:20:54.240
stabilizers. Uh if you guys have read

00:20:51.720 --> 00:20:56.559
the story of the Bell X-1, so Chuck

00:20:54.240 --> 00:20:57.440
Yeager, when he went supersonic, we

00:20:56.559 --> 00:20:59.119
talked a little bit earlier about

00:20:57.440 --> 00:21:01.360
supersonic shock waves forming on the

00:20:59.119 --> 00:21:03.559
airplane as you start going fast. Um

00:21:01.359 --> 00:21:06.959
what Chuck Yeager discovered is that the

00:21:03.559 --> 00:21:08.559
elevator, like in a traditional Cessna

00:21:06.960 --> 00:21:11.400
that horizontal stabilizer does not

00:21:08.559 --> 00:21:13.599
move. So, the elevator at the back

00:21:11.400 --> 00:21:15.920
moves, but the horiz- but it but this

00:21:13.599 --> 00:21:17.919
part stays fixed. That shock wave that

00:21:15.920 --> 00:21:20.960
would form right here would actually

00:21:17.920 --> 00:21:22.680
blank the air back to the elevator, and

00:21:20.960 --> 00:21:23.799
they wouldn't have any pitch control.

00:21:22.680 --> 00:21:25.519
So, when they talk about this thing

00:21:23.799 --> 00:21:27.519
called Mach tuck, which was a scary

00:21:25.519 --> 00:21:29.119
scary thing that happened to a lot of

00:21:27.519 --> 00:21:30.319
World War fighter pilots when they got

00:21:29.119 --> 00:21:31.879
into a dive

00:21:30.319 --> 00:21:33.240
um they would start forming shock waves

00:21:31.880 --> 00:21:35.040
on the airplane. They didn't have the

00:21:33.240 --> 00:21:36.319
elevator authority to pull up, and so

00:21:35.039 --> 00:21:37.799
they would actually nose dive all the

00:21:36.319 --> 00:21:40.679
way in cuz they go faster and faster and

00:21:37.799 --> 00:21:42.519
faster heading down. The answer was,

00:21:40.680 --> 00:21:46.000
rather than the back end of this thing

00:21:42.519 --> 00:21:48.240
maneuvering, the entire surface moves.

00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:49.559
So, as a fighter pilot, especially when

00:21:48.240 --> 00:21:51.319
you got people walking underneath the

00:21:49.559 --> 00:21:53.159
airplane because their maintainers are

00:21:51.319 --> 00:21:54.960
working on things, you always always

00:21:53.160 --> 00:21:57.320
always you show them your hands because

00:21:54.960 --> 00:21:58.880
if you tap that stick, again, the stick

00:21:57.319 --> 00:22:00.039
is not directly connected just like it

00:21:58.880 --> 00:22:02.080
is. The stick is connected to a

00:22:00.039 --> 00:22:03.399
computer. The computer votes and allows

00:22:02.079 --> 00:22:06.240
things to happen. It then commands a

00:22:03.400 --> 00:22:07.600
4,000 hydraulic PSI system to deflect

00:22:06.240 --> 00:22:09.559
basically this big old wing. You can

00:22:07.599 --> 00:22:10.919
actually take a guy's head off um with

00:22:09.559 --> 00:22:12.359
the flight control surfaces. So, you

00:22:10.920 --> 00:22:13.600
always always show your hands whenever

00:22:12.359 --> 00:22:16.439
you have people walking underneath the

00:22:13.599 --> 00:22:18.279
airplane for that. So, it's got a very

00:22:16.440 --> 00:22:19.440
very advanced flight control system on

00:22:18.279 --> 00:22:21.119
board. We'll talk through a little bit

00:22:19.440 --> 00:22:22.640
about what advantages that kind of gives

00:22:21.119 --> 00:22:25.319
you.

00:22:22.640 --> 00:22:27.440
Last piece I'll give you is the engines

00:22:25.319 --> 00:22:28.720
at the back, um

00:22:27.440 --> 00:22:30.519
which are a thing of beauty. I was a

00:22:28.720 --> 00:22:31.640
propulsion guy, aeronautics engineer

00:22:30.519 --> 00:22:32.319
kind of thing.

00:22:31.640 --> 00:22:33.840
Um

00:22:32.319 --> 00:22:35.200
it's almost like modern art masterpiece

00:22:33.839 --> 00:22:37.720
to me. Um

00:22:35.200 --> 00:22:39.559
those engines uh are have the ability to

00:22:37.720 --> 00:22:42.519
call what's called thrust vectoring.

00:22:39.559 --> 00:22:44.639
They'll swing up and they'll swing down.

00:22:42.519 --> 00:22:46.319
Uh where would you want to use that? Why

00:22:44.640 --> 00:22:47.360
does he Why do the engines have thrust

00:22:46.319 --> 00:22:48.839
vectoring?

00:22:47.359 --> 00:22:49.599
You've answered a lot, Meg.

00:22:48.839 --> 00:22:52.439
You're smart though. You know what's

00:22:49.599 --> 00:22:53.919
going on. Go ahead. Uh very low speeds.

00:22:52.440 --> 00:22:55.600
Very low speeds. Outstanding, yep.

00:22:53.920 --> 00:22:56.840
Where's it Where's another regime?

00:22:55.599 --> 00:22:58.399
Think of the flight envelope of the

00:22:56.839 --> 00:22:59.359
airplane.

00:22:58.400 --> 00:23:00.440
What if

00:22:59.359 --> 00:23:01.959
Yeah, very high altitude.

00:23:00.440 --> 00:23:04.240
Very high altitude. So, so why high

00:23:01.960 --> 00:23:05.920
altitudes?

00:23:04.240 --> 00:23:09.160
Uh little lift from the wings or the

00:23:05.920 --> 00:23:11.400
wings could be Yep. Yeah, yeah. Density

00:23:09.160 --> 00:23:12.759
goes way down as you go up in altitude.

00:23:11.400 --> 00:23:15.200
So, if I deflect this I mean, I have to

00:23:12.759 --> 00:23:16.960
get more deflection to move that air to

00:23:15.200 --> 00:23:19.559
be able to move the airplane if I'm

00:23:16.960 --> 00:23:21.720
relying just on the aero surfaces alone.

00:23:19.559 --> 00:23:24.119
The way I get around that is I put two

00:23:21.720 --> 00:23:26.000
35,000 thrust pound engines, if you

00:23:24.119 --> 00:23:27.959
will, uh on board the airplane. And just

00:23:26.000 --> 00:23:29.160
like a fire hose, if I grab a fire hose

00:23:27.960 --> 00:23:31.840
and I move it, you would feel that

00:23:29.160 --> 00:23:33.759
torque on your body. The same thing here

00:23:31.839 --> 00:23:36.000
uh with with the thrust vectoring on the

00:23:33.759 --> 00:23:38.839
back. So, with just the movement of my

00:23:36.000 --> 00:23:40.720
hand, I can deflect 70,000 lbs of thrust

00:23:38.839 --> 00:23:42.678
um way at the back end of the airplane.

00:23:40.720 --> 00:23:45.360
So, we talked about center of gravity

00:23:42.679 --> 00:23:47.160
being right about here. So, that moment

00:23:45.359 --> 00:23:48.639
arm of that thrust force is all the way

00:23:47.160 --> 00:23:51.040
back here, and I can deflect that up.

00:23:48.640 --> 00:23:52.679
And at very very low speeds where the

00:23:51.039 --> 00:23:55.159
flight control surfaces might not be

00:23:52.679 --> 00:23:58.000
doing well I can still move the airplane

00:23:55.160 --> 00:23:59.560
just by using the the thrust alone. At

00:23:58.000 --> 00:24:01.480
high altitude where I don't have a lot

00:23:59.559 --> 00:24:03.799
of density, same thing. I can maneuver

00:24:01.480 --> 00:24:06.000
the airplane just by using the thrust

00:24:03.799 --> 00:24:07.759
alone. So, where that helps you, cuz

00:24:06.000 --> 00:24:08.400
again, this is a dog fighter.

00:24:07.759 --> 00:24:09.679
Um

00:24:08.400 --> 00:24:10.920
here's what happens, and you'll you'll

00:24:09.679 --> 00:24:13.120
see this from time to time. So, I'll do

00:24:10.920 --> 00:24:14.960
this with the side look. When I get to

00:24:13.119 --> 00:24:16.879
high angle of attack, so the wind is

00:24:14.960 --> 00:24:19.720
coming like this and it's hitting the

00:24:16.880 --> 00:24:21.000
bottom surface of the airplane um I

00:24:19.720 --> 00:24:23.039
don't have the ability to really

00:24:21.000 --> 00:24:25.400
maneuver a lot because sometimes some

00:24:23.039 --> 00:24:27.519
aero surfaces are blanked by just the

00:24:25.400 --> 00:24:29.720
the size of that fuselage coming right

00:24:27.519 --> 00:24:31.599
out into the wing. So, I I cheat, if you

00:24:29.720 --> 00:24:33.600
will, by using the engines to get that

00:24:31.599 --> 00:24:35.559
final little pitch rate. We'll see later

00:24:33.599 --> 00:24:37.199
on in the Raptor demo video where the

00:24:35.559 --> 00:24:39.720
airplane will go It's called a high

00:24:37.200 --> 00:24:41.200
alpha loop, high angle of attack loop.

00:24:39.720 --> 00:24:42.839
It'll go vertical

00:24:41.200 --> 00:24:44.679
um and rather than doing like a loop

00:24:42.839 --> 00:24:46.480
where you see it prescribe this whole

00:24:44.679 --> 00:24:48.080
path over here, the airplane will go

00:24:46.480 --> 00:24:49.880
vertical. I'll engage the thrust

00:24:48.079 --> 00:24:51.279
vectoring, and it'll pivot. So, the

00:24:49.880 --> 00:24:52.520
velocity vector is still heading

00:24:51.279 --> 00:24:54.799
straight up, so the airplane is still

00:24:52.519 --> 00:24:57.240
moving up, but it kind of does this

00:24:54.799 --> 00:24:58.960
gymnastics thing where I've now turned

00:24:57.240 --> 00:24:59.960
the airplane using thrust vectoring even

00:24:58.960 --> 00:25:02.160
though the airplane is still heading

00:24:59.960 --> 00:25:05.840
straight up. It's wacky.

00:25:02.160 --> 00:25:05.840
It's totally cool. All right.

00:25:06.880 --> 00:25:09.320
All right, let's talk through a couple

00:25:08.119 --> 00:25:11.000
other things.

00:25:09.319 --> 00:25:12.000
Okay, so that's the flight controls. How

00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:13.359
are we doing timeline? Okay, we're

00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:14.200
looking pretty good.

00:25:13.359 --> 00:25:15.279
Okay.

00:25:14.200 --> 00:25:18.080
Okay.

00:25:15.279 --> 00:25:20.879
Anyone recognize the cockpit on uh your

00:25:18.079 --> 00:25:20.879
left?

00:25:21.039 --> 00:25:25.839
F-15. F-15? Yeah, outstanding. Good.

00:25:23.679 --> 00:25:27.280
This is my very first airplane. I didn't

00:25:25.839 --> 00:25:29.119
know any better, right? I sat down and

00:25:27.279 --> 00:25:30.799
said, "Wow, what a cool cockpit. Look at

00:25:29.119 --> 00:25:33.399
all these cool stuff, buttons everywhere

00:25:30.799 --> 00:25:35.599
and switches all over the place." Um

00:25:33.400 --> 00:25:38.040
this is an airplane of the '70s. Uh

00:25:35.599 --> 00:25:40.359
designed when uh Richard Nixon, Jimmy

00:25:38.039 --> 00:25:41.240
Carter, that kind of era, if you will.

00:25:40.359 --> 00:25:44.240
Uh

00:25:41.240 --> 00:25:46.079
very very first intro to solid-state

00:25:44.240 --> 00:25:48.480
electronics. Really wasn't fully fleshed

00:25:46.079 --> 00:25:50.240
out at this stage. Um this airplane had

00:25:48.480 --> 00:25:51.679
a hydromechanical system, which meant

00:25:50.240 --> 00:25:53.679
that just like in this airplane where

00:25:51.679 --> 00:25:55.480
there were cables and pulleys, um the

00:25:53.679 --> 00:25:58.440
similar kind of flight control system in

00:25:55.480 --> 00:26:00.759
it there. Um this picture is the

00:25:58.440 --> 00:26:02.720
Raptor's cockpit on the inside. Some

00:26:00.759 --> 00:26:04.079
pretty dramatic differences between the

00:26:02.720 --> 00:26:06.559
two. So, again, just call them out. What

00:26:04.079 --> 00:26:08.240
What What do you see?

00:26:06.559 --> 00:26:10.799
Glass cockpit. Glass cockpit. Where does

00:26:08.240 --> 00:26:10.799
that help you?

00:26:11.519 --> 00:26:15.240
Glass cockpit.

00:26:14.200 --> 00:26:17.240
Go ahead. You're doing well. It's

00:26:15.240 --> 00:26:19.079
Multi-display. What's up? You can be

00:26:17.240 --> 00:26:21.079
multi-display. You can change it to

00:26:19.079 --> 00:26:23.279
Oh, yeah. It's great. You can see these

00:26:21.079 --> 00:26:25.279
new digital cockpit uh Mercedes-Benzes

00:26:23.279 --> 00:26:26.678
and BMWs or whatever where like in the

00:26:25.279 --> 00:26:28.319
old days you just had, you know, speed

00:26:26.679 --> 00:26:30.800
and tach, if you will. Now, you can

00:26:28.319 --> 00:26:32.559
configure it however you want. Um now,

00:26:30.799 --> 00:26:35.440
these become the moment you start

00:26:32.559 --> 00:26:36.559
putting that in there No, got it. Yeah,

00:26:35.440 --> 00:26:39.720
the moment you start doing stuff like

00:26:36.559 --> 00:26:40.759
that, um you start creating a software

00:26:39.720 --> 00:26:43.160
airplane, which gives you a lot of

00:26:40.759 --> 00:26:44.359
flexibility and a danger, right? We'll

00:26:43.160 --> 00:26:47.160
talk about that one a little bit later

00:26:44.359 --> 00:26:47.159
on. What else do you see?

00:26:48.440 --> 00:26:50.720
Flight controls-wise, since we're

00:26:49.480 --> 00:26:52.000
talking mainly about flight controls

00:26:50.720 --> 00:26:55.759
today.

00:26:52.000 --> 00:26:58.720
Side stick. Side stick. Yeah. So

00:26:55.759 --> 00:27:01.200
right there

00:26:58.720 --> 00:27:03.039
is the control stick in an F-15. It sits

00:27:01.200 --> 00:27:05.240
directly between your knees.

00:27:03.039 --> 00:27:07.559
Um in a Raptor

00:27:05.240 --> 00:27:08.799
that is your control stick. It's on the

00:27:07.559 --> 00:27:10.799
side.

00:27:08.799 --> 00:27:11.960
Why would you ever want to put something

00:27:10.799 --> 00:27:14.159
like that on the side? Go ahead.

00:27:11.960 --> 00:27:15.480
I can't use I can't move my head.

00:27:14.160 --> 00:27:17.120
That's part of it. That helps. And

00:27:15.480 --> 00:27:18.679
there's actually you can't see it here.

00:27:17.119 --> 00:27:19.959
It's partly there, but kind of this

00:27:18.679 --> 00:27:22.640
little section here It's a fold-out

00:27:19.960 --> 00:27:25.039
armrest. So, your wrist is on the stick.

00:27:22.640 --> 00:27:26.240
Your your elbow is, if you will, it's

00:27:25.039 --> 00:27:28.240
resting on an armrest. So, it gives you

00:27:26.240 --> 00:27:30.079
a lot of leverage from there. Um that's

00:27:28.240 --> 00:27:31.400
one reason. What's couple other reasons

00:27:30.079 --> 00:27:33.240
why you'd want to go side stick versus

00:27:31.400 --> 00:27:33.880
center stick? Your legs get in the way

00:27:33.240 --> 00:27:36.319
on the center stick.

00:27:33.880 --> 00:27:38.640
Legs get in the way. That's a big deal.

00:27:36.319 --> 00:27:40.159
Um because in this airplane

00:27:38.640 --> 00:27:41.440
you actually got got pretty good after a

00:27:40.160 --> 00:27:42.920
while flying it where if you really need

00:27:41.440 --> 00:27:44.559
to maneuver the stick, you'd kind of do

00:27:42.920 --> 00:27:46.320
the leg up and kind of move over that

00:27:44.559 --> 00:27:47.519
way to get everything out of the way. Um

00:27:46.319 --> 00:27:49.359
the other side about it, too, it might

00:27:47.519 --> 00:27:51.079
not be quite so obvious, but you see how

00:27:49.359 --> 00:27:53.039
that stick That's about where your eye

00:27:51.079 --> 00:27:54.359
height would be. Um you see how that

00:27:53.039 --> 00:27:56.279
stick kind of gets in the way of seeing

00:27:54.359 --> 00:27:57.599
some of the instruments?

00:27:56.279 --> 00:27:59.559
So, it it's just sitting right there,

00:27:57.599 --> 00:28:01.439
right? In a side stick, um that's

00:27:59.559 --> 00:28:04.119
completely off to the side, and all of

00:28:01.440 --> 00:28:05.320
this real estate is completely open.

00:28:04.119 --> 00:28:06.959
Um the other thing I'll give you again,

00:28:05.319 --> 00:28:09.159
just for sake of time,

00:28:06.960 --> 00:28:10.240
uh it's it's a little bit of a thought

00:28:09.160 --> 00:28:14.640
change.

00:28:10.240 --> 00:28:14.640
Um when you have a center stick

00:28:14.839 --> 00:28:19.678
it's like when you're driving a car

00:28:16.720 --> 00:28:20.759
and when you're at parking, you know,

00:28:19.679 --> 00:28:22.919
you're trying to park your car, you want

00:28:20.759 --> 00:28:25.200
to be able to maneuver that wheel around

00:28:22.919 --> 00:28:26.640
a lot. Uh but when you're at highway

00:28:25.200 --> 00:28:28.159
speeds, if you were to take the wheel

00:28:26.640 --> 00:28:32.000
and maneuver it that much again, you're

00:28:28.159 --> 00:28:36.080
going to roll the car. Um so in a center

00:28:32.000 --> 00:28:37.440
stick you move the stick around to be

00:28:36.079 --> 00:28:38.799
able to deflect the flight control

00:28:37.440 --> 00:28:40.519
surfaces. There's a physical

00:28:38.799 --> 00:28:43.559
displacement of the stick to make that

00:28:40.519 --> 00:28:45.799
happen. On a side stick, that stick,

00:28:43.559 --> 00:28:49.158
initially when they first put it in, um

00:28:45.799 --> 00:28:50.359
did not move at all. So, imagine if you

00:28:49.159 --> 00:28:52.040
were in your car when you wanted to

00:28:50.359 --> 00:28:54.158
steer, and rather than the wheel

00:28:52.039 --> 00:28:55.678
actually moving, you just put pressure

00:28:54.159 --> 00:28:57.960
on the wheel itself, and that was enough

00:28:55.679 --> 00:28:59.400
to transmit to the computer in the car

00:28:57.960 --> 00:29:02.559
to turn the wheels.

00:28:59.400 --> 00:29:03.600
Uh that was a problem initially,

00:29:02.559 --> 00:29:04.639
uh which we can talk about after the

00:29:03.599 --> 00:29:06.599
presentation. That's a little bit of a

00:29:04.640 --> 00:29:09.040
sidebar discussion. This is a human

00:29:06.599 --> 00:29:10.799
factors thing. It's a side stick.

00:29:09.039 --> 00:29:12.279
Initially, it didn't move. Eventually,

00:29:10.799 --> 00:29:13.879
they decided I'll put in some

00:29:12.279 --> 00:29:16.240
deflection, so I can go a half inch

00:29:13.880 --> 00:29:19.080
left, a half inch right, about a quarter

00:29:16.240 --> 00:29:20.279
inch forward because normally uh you

00:29:19.079 --> 00:29:21.359
know, I go about a half inch back

00:29:20.279 --> 00:29:23.158
because normally I really want to get

00:29:21.359 --> 00:29:24.439
the nose going this way. Um if I had

00:29:23.159 --> 00:29:26.720
that much deflection forward, I don't

00:29:24.440 --> 00:29:28.679
want to fly the airplane this way. So,

00:29:26.720 --> 00:29:29.839
you have the ability to do that. Um but

00:29:28.679 --> 00:29:31.679
it gives you a little bit of the best of

00:29:29.839 --> 00:29:33.439
both worlds. There's some deflection to

00:29:31.679 --> 00:29:35.560
give you feedback that you've input

00:29:33.440 --> 00:29:36.880
something on the stick, but not so much

00:29:35.559 --> 00:29:38.200
deflection that it kind of gets in the

00:29:36.880 --> 00:29:39.520
way of everything else you're trying to

00:29:38.200 --> 00:29:41.080
do. So, there's limited real estate in a

00:29:39.519 --> 00:29:42.279
fighter cockpit.

00:29:41.079 --> 00:29:44.918
Uh the last piece I'll give you, and

00:29:42.279 --> 00:29:47.359
it's a little bit hard to see here, is

00:29:44.919 --> 00:29:48.360
um Um, all those buttons there on the

00:29:47.359 --> 00:29:49.879
stick,

00:29:48.359 --> 00:29:51.519
uh, you know,

00:29:49.880 --> 00:29:54.080
what you have the ability to do, so it's

00:29:51.519 --> 00:29:55.639
it's exactly like modern cars car

00:29:54.079 --> 00:29:57.839
steering wheels right now. You can

00:29:55.640 --> 00:29:58.920
control volume, radio, everything else

00:29:57.839 --> 00:30:00.959
like that. You can do it from the

00:29:58.920 --> 00:30:02.600
steering wheel. Same thing in a fighter.

00:30:00.960 --> 00:30:04.519
It's called hands-on throttle and stick,

00:30:02.599 --> 00:30:05.759
HOTAS, and it allows you to control

00:30:04.519 --> 00:30:08.119
everything that you would want to do on

00:30:05.759 --> 00:30:10.160
the airplane with never having to leave

00:30:08.119 --> 00:30:11.839
uh, your your hands from the throttle

00:30:10.160 --> 00:30:13.960
and the stick. Uh, the other piece I'll

00:30:11.839 --> 00:30:15.919
give you is that in a Raptor, so in a

00:30:13.960 --> 00:30:18.120
fighter like this this is your stick,

00:30:15.920 --> 00:30:19.480
this is your throttle. In a Raptor,

00:30:18.119 --> 00:30:21.559
because the flight control modes can

00:30:19.480 --> 00:30:25.039
change so much, this is your right

00:30:21.559 --> 00:30:26.679
inceptor and this is your left inceptor.

00:30:25.039 --> 00:30:28.159
It's all considered part of the flight

00:30:26.680 --> 00:30:31.000
control system.

00:30:28.160 --> 00:30:32.040
All right, let's keep going.

00:30:31.000 --> 00:30:32.880
So,

00:30:32.039 --> 00:30:34.319
um,

00:30:32.880 --> 00:30:37.120
just like on your car where if you want

00:30:34.319 --> 00:30:40.039
to go to XM radio, you go to media

00:30:37.119 --> 00:30:41.959
source or whatever and go XM satellite

00:30:40.039 --> 00:30:44.119
radio. Um, you have buttons because it's

00:30:41.960 --> 00:30:45.759
a software driven jet just like we saw

00:30:44.119 --> 00:30:47.799
before and I can pull up a flight

00:30:45.759 --> 00:30:49.119
control display uh, that shows me the

00:30:47.799 --> 00:30:51.240
position of all my flight control

00:30:49.119 --> 00:30:53.599
surfaces. Again,

00:30:51.240 --> 00:30:55.319
um, the pilot is way forward on the

00:30:53.599 --> 00:30:57.199
front end of this airplane. As I deflect

00:30:55.319 --> 00:30:58.079
things, sometimes I can't actually see

00:30:57.200 --> 00:30:59.600
them.

00:30:58.079 --> 00:31:01.359
And so initially this was a flight test

00:30:59.599 --> 00:31:03.119
display. So but I don't have to do the

00:31:01.359 --> 00:31:04.639
old poltergeist thing and try to rotate

00:31:03.119 --> 00:31:06.319
all the way around to be able to see to

00:31:04.640 --> 00:31:07.920
the back end of the airplane to see if

00:31:06.319 --> 00:31:09.559
the elevator's moving.

00:31:07.920 --> 00:31:11.560
Uh, I basically instrument everything

00:31:09.559 --> 00:31:13.399
and I can see it here. Now, some of the

00:31:11.559 --> 00:31:15.679
human factor stuff that's kind of cool

00:31:13.400 --> 00:31:17.759
with how they did this,

00:31:15.680 --> 00:31:19.759
so this right here,

00:31:17.759 --> 00:31:22.000
so again, this tells you at the top uh,

00:31:19.759 --> 00:31:24.160
rudder deflection surfaces, ailerons,

00:31:22.000 --> 00:31:25.880
where the horizontal stabilizers are at,

00:31:24.160 --> 00:31:27.160
how the engines are doing. This is a

00:31:25.880 --> 00:31:28.600
little weird. I don't I don't really

00:31:27.160 --> 00:31:30.279
like how they did this one, but this is

00:31:28.599 --> 00:31:31.639
the leading edge flaps, LE flaps or

00:31:30.279 --> 00:31:33.359
leading edge flaps, so it just shows you

00:31:31.640 --> 00:31:36.080
how far they're deflected, dug in, dug

00:31:33.359 --> 00:31:38.479
down. Um, on the lower left-hand corner

00:31:36.079 --> 00:31:40.079
it shows you center of gravity.

00:31:38.480 --> 00:31:41.360
So there's limits.

00:31:40.079 --> 00:31:42.599
Uh, just like what you you know, what

00:31:41.359 --> 00:31:44.159
you would normally do on flight planning

00:31:42.599 --> 00:31:45.919
for your Cessna. Hey, I can only put

00:31:44.160 --> 00:31:47.200
this much fuel with this much passengers

00:31:45.920 --> 00:31:48.920
and I got to be within this limit for

00:31:47.200 --> 00:31:50.440
takeoff for landing and everything else.

00:31:48.920 --> 00:31:51.800
Uh, the airplane tells you that. Now

00:31:50.440 --> 00:31:53.320
what's cool about some of the things

00:31:51.799 --> 00:31:55.200
they've done in Raptor is that if it's

00:31:53.319 --> 00:31:56.480
out of limits, again, it doesn't expect

00:31:55.200 --> 00:31:58.200
you to get out the piece of paper with

00:31:56.480 --> 00:32:00.599
the whiz wheel and the E6B. It just

00:31:58.200 --> 00:32:02.319
changes color and it goes red and it

00:32:00.599 --> 00:32:05.399
gives you a warning, right? And it says,

00:32:02.319 --> 00:32:07.839
"Hey idiot, um, you are beyond the aft

00:32:05.400 --> 00:32:09.000
center of gravity. Um, no gauge tells

00:32:07.839 --> 00:32:10.079
you it's just having a hard time seeing

00:32:09.000 --> 00:32:11.960
where all the fuel is and everything

00:32:10.079 --> 00:32:14.240
else. That's a different story. But it

00:32:11.960 --> 00:32:16.480
tells you where what percentage of mean

00:32:14.240 --> 00:32:17.559
aerodynamic cord that you're sitting at

00:32:16.480 --> 00:32:19.759
um, and it's able to adjust stuff

00:32:17.559 --> 00:32:20.960
around. So,

00:32:19.759 --> 00:32:22.759
I'll give that to you because what this

00:32:20.960 --> 00:32:23.960
allows is uh, oh by the way, the last

00:32:22.759 --> 00:32:25.759
part here is flight control. So in other

00:32:23.960 --> 00:32:27.759
words, this tells you where you've moved

00:32:25.759 --> 00:32:29.079
your stick and it tells you trim. So you

00:32:27.759 --> 00:32:30.400
know where the trim is set and also

00:32:29.079 --> 00:32:32.039
tells you where the stick is set. So you

00:32:30.400 --> 00:32:34.560
know your inputs that kind of go through

00:32:32.039 --> 00:32:37.279
there. When you have a software driven

00:32:34.559 --> 00:32:38.879
machine, you can customize things and

00:32:37.279 --> 00:32:40.319
make it very simple.

00:32:38.880 --> 00:32:42.560
Uh, you guys have seen that terrible

00:32:40.319 --> 00:32:44.720
terrible awful movie Top Gun, right?

00:32:42.559 --> 00:32:47.319
It's just awful, right? So that scene

00:32:44.720 --> 00:32:48.640
where Maverick loses his engines and

00:32:47.319 --> 00:32:50.039
they go through this engine one is out,

00:32:48.640 --> 00:32:52.320
engine two is out and they go on this

00:32:50.039 --> 00:32:54.319
flat spin to sea, which is a bunch of

00:32:52.319 --> 00:32:56.000
BS. When you're in a spin, you don't

00:32:54.319 --> 00:32:58.119
translate over the ground, you fall

00:32:56.000 --> 00:32:59.640
straight down. So, this whole flying out

00:32:58.119 --> 00:33:02.239
to sea thing is ridiculous. Doesn't

00:32:59.640 --> 00:33:04.360
happen that way. Um,

00:33:02.240 --> 00:33:05.679
in if you don't have a software driven

00:33:04.359 --> 00:33:06.799
airplane when you lose engines like

00:33:05.679 --> 00:33:08.040
that, then you've got to go through this

00:33:06.799 --> 00:33:10.319
whole It's like in a for instance in the

00:33:08.039 --> 00:33:11.359
Cessna, if you lose a motor, lose the

00:33:10.319 --> 00:33:12.159
motor,

00:33:11.359 --> 00:33:13.919
uh, what do you got to do, right?

00:33:12.160 --> 00:33:15.440
Establish your glide, get everything set

00:33:13.920 --> 00:33:17.080
up, check to see am I left, right, or

00:33:15.440 --> 00:33:18.440
both on the fuel source, what's my

00:33:17.079 --> 00:33:20.519
whatever, blah blah blah and everything

00:33:18.440 --> 00:33:22.360
else. Um, in the Raptor, it's the most

00:33:20.519 --> 00:33:23.639
awesome thing possible. You literally do

00:33:22.359 --> 00:33:25.479
nothing.

00:33:23.640 --> 00:33:27.240
You sit there and the computer goes,

00:33:25.480 --> 00:33:28.759
"Oh, you've lost a motor. I've noticed

00:33:27.240 --> 00:33:30.160
that you have a problem. Let me see if I

00:33:28.759 --> 00:33:32.039
can help you." And it will restart the

00:33:30.160 --> 00:33:33.640
motor for you if it can, right? If it if

00:33:32.039 --> 00:33:34.879
it can't restart the motor, chances are

00:33:33.640 --> 00:33:37.120
it ain't going to restart and you can

00:33:34.880 --> 00:33:39.800
just leave it shut down if you will. Um,

00:33:37.119 --> 00:33:42.359
it allows some neat human factor designs

00:33:39.799 --> 00:33:43.440
because in this airplane in the Raptor,

00:33:42.359 --> 00:33:45.159
believe it or not, when you're flying

00:33:43.440 --> 00:33:46.920
the Raptor, you're not

00:33:45.160 --> 00:33:49.080
thinking about flying the Raptor. You're

00:33:46.920 --> 00:33:50.360
thinking about employing the Raptor. So

00:33:49.079 --> 00:33:52.879
you're trying to find where all of your

00:33:50.359 --> 00:33:56.639
wingmates are, where the bad guys are,

00:33:52.880 --> 00:33:58.200
etc. etc. Flying is secondary.

00:33:56.640 --> 00:33:59.200
Whereas in this plane, flying is

00:33:58.200 --> 00:34:01.759
everything.

00:33:59.200 --> 00:34:03.880
Um, so they tried to as much as possible

00:34:01.759 --> 00:34:05.279
alleviate the pilot from as much burden

00:34:03.880 --> 00:34:06.640
of responsibility of thinking about

00:34:05.279 --> 00:34:08.279
flying the airplane by doing kind of

00:34:06.640 --> 00:34:09.200
neat little tricks like that.

00:34:08.280 --> 00:34:10.760
Uh, the other thing I'll give you too

00:34:09.199 --> 00:34:13.639
about the flight controls is again, we

00:34:10.760 --> 00:34:15.600
talked about how ailerons can go up,

00:34:13.639 --> 00:34:17.158
ailerons can come down. Flapperons go

00:34:15.599 --> 00:34:19.839
up, they go down. Rudders come out, go

00:34:17.159 --> 00:34:21.640
down. On takeoff mode,

00:34:19.840 --> 00:34:22.800
I'll show you something kind of cool.

00:34:21.639 --> 00:34:25.199
So,

00:34:22.800 --> 00:34:27.280
here's the nose look on here. On takeoff

00:34:25.199 --> 00:34:29.079
mode without any input from the pilot,

00:34:27.280 --> 00:34:30.760
so there's no flap switch in the

00:34:29.079 --> 00:34:32.840
cockpit, there's no leading edge There's

00:34:30.760 --> 00:34:34.440
nothing. There's nothing like that. Um,

00:34:32.840 --> 00:34:36.559
it just knows based on the fact that

00:34:34.440 --> 00:34:38.000
you've got the gear handle down and that

00:34:36.559 --> 00:34:39.480
you're on the ground and it senses the

00:34:38.000 --> 00:34:42.480
weight on wheels, it thinks this guy

00:34:39.480 --> 00:34:44.800
wants to take off. So, the rudders will

00:34:42.480 --> 00:34:46.240
both deflect inward. Why would you do

00:34:44.800 --> 00:34:48.560
that?

00:34:46.239 --> 00:34:49.398
Go on. Is it a good time to

00:34:48.559 --> 00:34:52.358
um,

00:34:49.398 --> 00:34:54.398
sort of rev up to the um, thrust level

00:34:52.358 --> 00:34:56.840
that would allow takeoff so that you use

00:34:54.398 --> 00:34:58.559
a shorter runway? So, um,

00:34:56.840 --> 00:34:59.800
not quite. Um,

00:34:58.559 --> 00:35:00.960
there is a tie between the flight

00:34:59.800 --> 00:35:03.519
controls though. So in other words, if I

00:35:00.960 --> 00:35:05.840
take the rudders and I tow them both in,

00:35:03.519 --> 00:35:07.159
so both rudders are deflected in,

00:35:05.840 --> 00:35:08.960
what does that do from an aerodynamic

00:35:07.159 --> 00:35:10.199
standpoint?

00:35:08.960 --> 00:35:12.800
Which way is the nose going to go if

00:35:10.199 --> 00:35:15.559
these rudders are deflected in?

00:35:12.800 --> 00:35:17.200
Up, right? So it makes it easier to

00:35:15.559 --> 00:35:19.440
rotate the airplane on takeoff because

00:35:17.199 --> 00:35:21.759
the rudders are deflecting in. Both of

00:35:19.440 --> 00:35:23.200
them go in, right? Uh, the other part

00:35:21.760 --> 00:35:24.480
about it too is,

00:35:23.199 --> 00:35:26.399
so we talked about this. You You guys

00:35:24.480 --> 00:35:28.320
ever see like a competition aerobatic

00:35:26.400 --> 00:35:30.358
like one of those extra 300 kind of

00:35:28.320 --> 00:35:32.840
airplanes? See how the aileron runs the

00:35:30.358 --> 00:35:34.279
entire length of the whole wing? So that

00:35:32.840 --> 00:35:35.680
the pilot all they got to do is just tap

00:35:34.280 --> 00:35:38.120
the wing and the airplane is going to do

00:35:35.679 --> 00:35:39.399
corkscrews and spirals. On a Raptor,

00:35:38.119 --> 00:35:40.960
that's part of the reason why the

00:35:39.400 --> 00:35:43.720
aileron and the flapperon can move

00:35:40.960 --> 00:35:45.800
together as one surface. And so the

00:35:43.719 --> 00:35:48.079
leading edge flaps will dig in, the

00:35:45.800 --> 00:35:51.120
trailing aileron and the trailing edge

00:35:48.079 --> 00:35:52.400
flap, that will dig in as well. So, on

00:35:51.119 --> 00:35:55.000
takeoff

00:35:52.400 --> 00:35:57.160
with no input from the pilot,

00:35:55.000 --> 00:35:58.559
whereas the wing normally would look

00:35:57.159 --> 00:36:01.839
sort of like this with a little bit of

00:35:58.559 --> 00:36:04.119
camber on it, on takeoff, the wing looks

00:36:01.840 --> 00:36:05.200
like this.

00:36:04.119 --> 00:36:06.559
It's kind of cool like when you look at

00:36:05.199 --> 00:36:08.519
it from the side.

00:36:06.559 --> 00:36:10.679
So if you're looking at it from

00:36:08.519 --> 00:36:12.880
directly side on, that leading edge flap

00:36:10.679 --> 00:36:15.919
comes down, these come down, that puts

00:36:12.880 --> 00:36:18.119
in a whole bunch of camber on the wing

00:36:15.920 --> 00:36:19.400
and it generates a lot of lift. So and

00:36:18.119 --> 00:36:21.519
again, that's completely independent of

00:36:19.400 --> 00:36:22.800
the pilot. The pilot has done nothing

00:36:21.519 --> 00:36:25.960
other than just tell it I'm on the

00:36:22.800 --> 00:36:27.640
ground because the gear handle is down.

00:36:25.960 --> 00:36:30.240
Last Last, what's it What would be What

00:36:27.639 --> 00:36:31.599
would be a typical rotation speed? Yeah,

00:36:30.239 --> 00:36:33.519
so that's a good question. What do you

00:36:31.599 --> 00:36:34.880
guys think?

00:36:33.519 --> 00:36:36.440
So I start on the runway. By the way, I

00:36:34.880 --> 00:36:38.559
need 8,000 ft of runway. This whole

00:36:36.440 --> 00:36:39.880
2,500 ft is not for a Raptor,

00:36:38.559 --> 00:36:41.599
unfortunately.

00:36:39.880 --> 00:36:42.880
Um, 8,000 ft of runway, but by the time

00:36:41.599 --> 00:36:45.319
I actually get ready to pull back on

00:36:42.880 --> 00:36:48.119
that stick to rotate, um, how fast do

00:36:45.320 --> 00:36:48.120
you think it's going?

00:36:50.320 --> 00:36:52.640
I wish.

00:36:52.800 --> 00:36:57.160
Well, of course, 150 is a usual usually

00:36:55.960 --> 00:37:01.639
so about takeoff weights. By the way,

00:36:57.159 --> 00:37:03.358
this airplane is about 34, 35 tons on

00:37:01.639 --> 00:37:05.639
takeoff compared to like, you know,

00:37:03.358 --> 00:37:08.039
2,500 lbs or whatever.

00:37:05.639 --> 00:37:09.199
Um, so it's a very heavy airplane. Uh,

00:37:08.039 --> 00:37:10.840
it's got to get a lot of speed to be

00:37:09.199 --> 00:37:14.199
able to get that rotation. That's about

00:37:10.840 --> 00:37:15.720
150, 160 knots uh, on takeoff, which is

00:37:14.199 --> 00:37:17.519
like faster than like the never exceed

00:37:15.719 --> 00:37:18.679
speed of the Cessna

00:37:17.519 --> 00:37:20.280
uh, as it goes.

00:37:18.679 --> 00:37:21.799
Um, but yeah, so the flight controls are

00:37:20.280 --> 00:37:23.880
are there to help you. Um, the other

00:37:21.800 --> 00:37:25.480
thing I'll show you too is uh, there is

00:37:23.880 --> 00:37:27.400
so sailplane guys. Where are my

00:37:25.480 --> 00:37:29.480
sailplane guys? Anybody fly sailplanes?

00:37:27.400 --> 00:37:30.960
So, on the left

00:37:29.480 --> 00:37:32.840
in a sailplane cockpit, you typically

00:37:30.960 --> 00:37:34.880
have a lever for the speed brakes,

00:37:32.840 --> 00:37:36.920
spoilers, right? So these big surfaces

00:37:34.880 --> 00:37:38.480
that pop up on the wing to slow the

00:37:36.920 --> 00:37:39.840
airplane down, adjust glide slopes and

00:37:38.480 --> 00:37:41.079
those sorts of things.

00:37:39.840 --> 00:37:42.720
Um, we talked a little bit earlier about

00:37:41.079 --> 00:37:44.358
how the electrical engineer guys want

00:37:42.719 --> 00:37:46.239
this thing to be completely stealthy and

00:37:44.358 --> 00:37:47.920
whatever else. The last thing you want

00:37:46.239 --> 00:37:50.000
to do, based on the discussion we just

00:37:47.920 --> 00:37:51.358
had, is I don't want to have a big board

00:37:50.000 --> 00:37:52.519
stick up in the middle of this airplane

00:37:51.358 --> 00:37:54.679
because that's going to make my radar

00:37:52.519 --> 00:37:56.358
reflection go very very large. So they

00:37:54.679 --> 00:37:58.519
did something kind of remarkable. They

00:37:56.358 --> 00:38:01.559
used the flight control surfaces

00:37:58.519 --> 00:38:03.320
themselves as the speed brakes.

00:38:01.559 --> 00:38:05.079
So if I need to slow the airplane down,

00:38:03.320 --> 00:38:07.160
I hit a little switch on the throttle

00:38:05.079 --> 00:38:08.679
and immediately what happens is

00:38:07.159 --> 00:38:11.319
uh, the leading edge flaps will come

00:38:08.679 --> 00:38:12.399
down a bit, the ailerons will both go

00:38:11.320 --> 00:38:15.240
up.

00:38:12.400 --> 00:38:17.720
Um, the rudders will go out, so they'll

00:38:15.239 --> 00:38:19.599
both tow out. Um, and it's it's using

00:38:17.719 --> 00:38:21.759
that to help slow the airplane kind of

00:38:19.599 --> 00:38:24.119
down. It's actually quite effective

00:38:21.760 --> 00:38:25.280
uh, which is pretty cool.

00:38:24.119 --> 00:38:27.000
All right, couple other things we'll go

00:38:25.280 --> 00:38:29.400
through.

00:38:27.000 --> 00:38:31.480
Landing mode.

00:38:29.400 --> 00:38:33.079
Pilot's done nothing. Touchdown.

00:38:31.480 --> 00:38:34.559
Throttles are back.

00:38:33.079 --> 00:38:36.599
Gear handle's down.

00:38:34.559 --> 00:38:38.920
And all of this stuff happens here. Let

00:38:36.599 --> 00:38:41.799
me get this zoomed in here.

00:38:38.920 --> 00:38:43.800
So, that's the aileron. It's up. Holy

00:38:41.800 --> 00:38:45.640
crap, the other one's up, too.

00:38:43.800 --> 00:38:47.680
Um, the flapperon goes up on either

00:38:45.639 --> 00:38:49.599
side. Um, the rudders, you can see how

00:38:47.679 --> 00:38:51.919
they're both kind of kind of towing in

00:38:49.599 --> 00:38:53.519
there a little bit. Um, the reason it's

00:38:51.920 --> 00:38:55.840
doing that is it's trying to transfer

00:38:53.519 --> 00:38:57.280
all of that weight from the wings and

00:38:55.840 --> 00:38:59.640
put it into the gear. So it's trying to

00:38:57.280 --> 00:39:00.920
kill all of the lift on the wings and

00:38:59.639 --> 00:39:03.159
transfer that to the landing gear so

00:39:00.920 --> 00:39:04.639
that you have the maximum traction on

00:39:03.159 --> 00:39:07.239
the wheels as you hit the brakes as you

00:39:04.639 --> 00:39:07.239
slow down.

00:39:07.519 --> 00:39:12.039
Also on

00:39:09.119 --> 00:39:13.759
uh, refueling,

00:39:12.039 --> 00:39:15.199
so when you go air refueling, there's a

00:39:13.760 --> 00:39:17.280
little switch

00:39:15.199 --> 00:39:19.039
uh, that you open in the jet, that opens

00:39:17.280 --> 00:39:20.680
up this door, that tells the jet that

00:39:19.039 --> 00:39:22.480
I'm getting ready to refuel while I'm

00:39:20.679 --> 00:39:24.159
airborne. When it does that, it says,

00:39:22.480 --> 00:39:25.840
"This guy isn't trying to dog fight the

00:39:24.159 --> 00:39:27.759
airplane anymore. They're trying to get

00:39:25.840 --> 00:39:29.840
gas, so therefore I don't need all the

00:39:27.760 --> 00:39:31.560
full roll capability and everything else

00:39:29.840 --> 00:39:32.960
and really what I really want is an

00:39:31.559 --> 00:39:36.000
airplane that's really responsive with

00:39:32.960 --> 00:39:38.039
its lift." And so again, no input from

00:39:36.000 --> 00:39:40.119
the pilot, but the leading edge flaps

00:39:38.039 --> 00:39:41.960
will deploy down, the trailing edge

00:39:40.119 --> 00:39:43.159
flaps and the ailerons will also deploy

00:39:41.960 --> 00:39:45.320
down. Again, they're trying to create

00:39:43.159 --> 00:39:47.039
camber on that wing. This is all digital

00:39:45.320 --> 00:39:49.400
flight controls. No input from the pilot

00:39:47.039 --> 00:39:51.279
whatsoever. What would a typical

00:39:49.400 --> 00:39:53.680
airspeed be when doing this air

00:39:51.280 --> 00:39:56.200
refueling? Uh this is about Oops, I'm

00:39:53.679 --> 00:39:59.519
sorry. Let me go back one here.

00:39:56.199 --> 00:40:01.519
This is about uh about 300 300 knots or

00:39:59.519 --> 00:40:03.159
so something like that. Um you got to be

00:40:01.519 --> 00:40:05.239
able to fly So, for a Raptor, that's

00:40:03.159 --> 00:40:07.480
kind of slow. Um for the tanker

00:40:05.239 --> 00:40:08.719
airplane, that's somewhat fast. Um so,

00:40:07.480 --> 00:40:10.679
you're trying to find that marriage

00:40:08.719 --> 00:40:12.519
where both airplanes have good flying

00:40:10.679 --> 00:40:14.000
qualities so that one's not about to

00:40:12.519 --> 00:40:16.239
stall and the other one's in full power

00:40:14.000 --> 00:40:18.159
trying to catch up to them.

00:40:16.239 --> 00:40:20.159
By the way, the most unnatural act I've

00:40:18.159 --> 00:40:21.559
ever done as a fighter pilot is to

00:40:20.159 --> 00:40:23.559
connect up my airplane to another

00:40:21.559 --> 00:40:25.079
airplane. I just never got used to it. I

00:40:23.559 --> 00:40:27.480
can do it just fine, but the whole

00:40:25.079 --> 00:40:29.000
notion of this big boom connecting my

00:40:27.480 --> 00:40:31.039
airplane to a big airliner was just

00:40:29.000 --> 00:40:33.639
really strange and weird to me. Never

00:40:31.039 --> 00:40:36.559
got used to it.

00:40:33.639 --> 00:40:38.759
Okay, some of the limiters. So,

00:40:36.559 --> 00:40:40.840
in an F-15 cuz we talked to that a

00:40:38.760 --> 00:40:42.840
little bit earlier. F-15 can you can get

00:40:40.840 --> 00:40:44.400
up to 500 600 miles an hour. You can

00:40:42.840 --> 00:40:46.400
take both hands on the stick. You can

00:40:44.400 --> 00:40:48.599
pull that stick all the way back and you

00:40:46.400 --> 00:40:49.920
will rip the wings off the airplane. And

00:40:48.599 --> 00:40:51.880
you will turn it into a big ball of

00:40:49.920 --> 00:40:54.559
metal cascading down to the ground

00:40:51.880 --> 00:40:57.039
because you have over-G'd the airplane.

00:40:54.559 --> 00:40:58.719
Um again, that awful terrible movie Top

00:40:57.039 --> 00:41:01.559
Gun in which Tom Cruise departs the

00:40:58.719 --> 00:41:03.399
airplane and gets into a spin. Uh again,

00:41:01.559 --> 00:41:04.799
you've exceeded some capability of the

00:41:03.400 --> 00:41:06.240
airplane and the airplane departs

00:41:04.800 --> 00:41:08.440
controlled flight and gets into some

00:41:06.239 --> 00:41:10.759
type of uncontrolled situation. On a

00:41:08.440 --> 00:41:12.440
Raptor, there used to be in the pilot

00:41:10.760 --> 00:41:14.720
operating manual a little blurb that

00:41:12.440 --> 00:41:18.240
said, quote, "You can maneuver this

00:41:14.719 --> 00:41:20.119
airplane with quote reckless abandon um

00:41:18.239 --> 00:41:21.519
and you will not over-G the airplane.

00:41:20.119 --> 00:41:23.279
You will not depart the airplane from

00:41:21.519 --> 00:41:25.000
controlled flight." They did a

00:41:23.280 --> 00:41:27.640
spectacular

00:41:25.000 --> 00:41:29.280
job uh allowing this airplane to get

00:41:27.639 --> 00:41:33.000
right to the edge of performance but not

00:41:29.280 --> 00:41:35.000
going over the top. So, one of the neat

00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:36.920
things that they did,

00:41:35.000 --> 00:41:39.199
airplanes in a left-hand turn. Look at

00:41:36.920 --> 00:41:42.000
that aileron. It's up.

00:41:39.199 --> 00:41:45.679
Look at that aileron. It's up.

00:41:42.000 --> 00:41:46.960
What the crap is going on there?

00:41:45.679 --> 00:41:49.559
And if you know this one, you really do

00:41:46.960 --> 00:41:49.559
get the model.

00:41:49.840 --> 00:41:54.480
Cuz I didn't know this for a long time.

00:41:53.079 --> 00:41:56.480
So, again, just for sake of time cuz I

00:41:54.480 --> 00:41:58.000
know we got guys coming in afterwards,

00:41:56.480 --> 00:42:00.079
center of gravity

00:41:58.000 --> 00:42:01.760
of the airplane sits right here.

00:42:00.079 --> 00:42:04.079
Um in your engineering classes, you

00:42:01.760 --> 00:42:05.440
always talk about forces acting on the

00:42:04.079 --> 00:42:06.759
center of gravity and you kind of take

00:42:05.440 --> 00:42:08.920
this whole airplane and you model it

00:42:06.760 --> 00:42:10.760
down to a point mass. And you say that's

00:42:08.920 --> 00:42:12.159
what's that's you know, for for sake of

00:42:10.760 --> 00:42:14.880
all the the you know, sum of forces

00:42:12.159 --> 00:42:18.639
analysis. Well, in real life, uh this

00:42:14.880 --> 00:42:20.160
airplane's about 43 ft wide. Um yeah,

00:42:18.639 --> 00:42:21.960
you can sum the forces through there,

00:42:20.159 --> 00:42:24.239
but there's forces acting all over this

00:42:21.960 --> 00:42:26.960
airplane at different spots. Think about

00:42:24.239 --> 00:42:29.399
here on the wingtip. Um I put G on the

00:42:26.960 --> 00:42:31.760
airplane and this wingtip, it's almost

00:42:29.400 --> 00:42:33.760
like the wings want to bend up right as

00:42:31.760 --> 00:42:35.760
I'm coming down. So, you put a lot of

00:42:33.760 --> 00:42:38.160
stress out on the wingtips. So, their

00:42:35.760 --> 00:42:40.240
answer, quite ingeniously, was to

00:42:38.159 --> 00:42:41.679
deflect the ailerons down when you're at

00:42:40.239 --> 00:42:42.719
high maneuvering. The way you know

00:42:41.679 --> 00:42:44.319
you're at high maneuvering is you can

00:42:42.719 --> 00:42:47.119
kind of see these little wispies forming

00:42:44.320 --> 00:42:48.320
off the wingtips. So, you are creating

00:42:47.119 --> 00:42:49.559
low pressure. That's another one, too.

00:42:48.320 --> 00:42:52.240
You can see the clouds forming on the

00:42:49.559 --> 00:42:53.759
front edge of the wing. Low pressure um

00:42:52.239 --> 00:42:55.679
causes that air to condense and so you

00:42:53.760 --> 00:42:57.920
make clouds. So, you know the airplane's

00:42:55.679 --> 00:43:00.319
really maneuvering up. And in answer to

00:42:57.920 --> 00:43:02.280
reduce stress at the wingtips, was to

00:43:00.320 --> 00:43:03.840
deflect the ailerons up. What happens to

00:43:02.280 --> 00:43:06.880
the lift out at the wingtips with the

00:43:03.840 --> 00:43:08.120
ailerons up?

00:43:06.880 --> 00:43:08.800
Goes down, right? So, it helps to kind

00:43:08.119 --> 00:43:10.599
of

00:43:08.800 --> 00:43:11.720
push those wings back down again. So,

00:43:10.599 --> 00:43:14.319
you're not trying to overstress the

00:43:11.719 --> 00:43:16.119
airplane. Um there are limiters uh like

00:43:14.320 --> 00:43:18.480
this all over the airplane such that you

00:43:16.119 --> 00:43:19.639
won't over-G the airplane. You can't um

00:43:18.480 --> 00:43:20.599
you know, literally, you can do anything

00:43:19.639 --> 00:43:22.879
you want to this airplane. That's what

00:43:20.599 --> 00:43:25.079
I'm telling you. It's easier to fly a

00:43:22.880 --> 00:43:26.360
Raptor than it is to fly a Cessna

00:43:25.079 --> 00:43:27.480
because you really have to pay attention

00:43:26.360 --> 00:43:29.200
to what you're doing in a Cessna. In a

00:43:27.480 --> 00:43:30.800
Raptor, I could put my kid in there and

00:43:29.199 --> 00:43:32.079
he can do this all day at whatever speed

00:43:30.800 --> 00:43:34.240
and nothing bad will happen to the

00:43:32.079 --> 00:43:36.759
airplane. It's really quite spectacular

00:43:34.239 --> 00:43:38.039
how they did that.

00:43:36.760 --> 00:43:39.880
Uh the other part I'll give you here is

00:43:38.039 --> 00:43:41.800
some of the command systems. So, if I'm

00:43:39.880 --> 00:43:43.840
in a dogfight and I'm trying to shoot

00:43:41.800 --> 00:43:46.600
the other guy, I'm going against a

00:43:43.840 --> 00:43:48.840
maneuvering target. And so, the flight

00:43:46.599 --> 00:43:51.400
controls transfer over to what's called

00:43:48.840 --> 00:43:53.160
a G command system. So, if I'm

00:43:51.400 --> 00:43:55.360
maneuvering at 4 Gs and I let go of the

00:43:53.159 --> 00:43:56.399
stick, the airplane will stay at 4 Gs.

00:43:55.360 --> 00:43:58.039
And if I see that the target's

00:43:56.400 --> 00:43:59.639
maneuvering, I need to go to 6 Gs or 7

00:43:58.039 --> 00:44:01.199
Gs, I'll put that in and the airplane

00:43:59.639 --> 00:44:03.119
will keep that. So, in other words,

00:44:01.199 --> 00:44:04.919
again, it's a vote, right? I'm not

00:44:03.119 --> 00:44:07.159
physically connected to anything. I talk

00:44:04.920 --> 00:44:08.840
to the computer and I say I want 6 Gs

00:44:07.159 --> 00:44:11.119
and the airplane does all types of black

00:44:08.840 --> 00:44:13.519
magic and sorcery behind me. And lo and

00:44:11.119 --> 00:44:15.159
behold, the airplane gets to 6 to 7 Gs.

00:44:13.519 --> 00:44:16.840
Um that really matters when you're in a

00:44:15.159 --> 00:44:19.119
high maneuvering kind of situation. So,

00:44:16.840 --> 00:44:22.320
it goes G command. Um when you're

00:44:19.119 --> 00:44:25.358
slower, i.e., on landing, and I want to

00:44:22.320 --> 00:44:26.600
put that flight path marker right on

00:44:25.358 --> 00:44:27.759
that edge of the runway cuz that's where

00:44:26.599 --> 00:44:30.519
I want to touch down right at the

00:44:27.760 --> 00:44:31.920
1,000-ft markers, uh

00:44:30.519 --> 00:44:34.039
then in that scenario, I'm not really

00:44:31.920 --> 00:44:36.079
cared so much about G command. I care

00:44:34.039 --> 00:44:38.039
about pitch rate. And so, it transitions

00:44:36.079 --> 00:44:40.759
over to a pitch rate command. And if I

00:44:38.039 --> 00:44:42.719
put no input on the stick, it says zero

00:44:40.760 --> 00:44:44.120
pitch rate. Again, black magic and

00:44:42.719 --> 00:44:45.199
sorcery will happen behind me. The

00:44:44.119 --> 00:44:47.199
flight controls will do whatever they

00:44:45.199 --> 00:44:49.559
need to do to make sure that my pitch

00:44:47.199 --> 00:44:50.960
rate stays at zero. So, it transitions

00:44:49.559 --> 00:44:52.920
from one type of flight control system

00:44:50.960 --> 00:44:54.599
to the other. No pilot input whatsoever.

00:44:52.920 --> 00:44:57.240
It's just based off of flight flight

00:44:54.599 --> 00:44:58.400
command system.

00:44:57.239 --> 00:44:59.679
All right. So, let's talk through a

00:44:58.400 --> 00:45:01.639
couple of the implications of that and

00:44:59.679 --> 00:45:03.199
then we'll go to questions at the end.

00:45:01.639 --> 00:45:04.799
Um

00:45:03.199 --> 00:45:07.079
Can you do the flight control video

00:45:04.800 --> 00:45:08.560
Raptor at the top? It's about a minute.

00:45:07.079 --> 00:45:09.559
And then

00:45:08.559 --> 00:45:12.039
bring it up to full screen and hit

00:45:09.559 --> 00:45:12.039
pause.

00:45:27.480 --> 00:45:31.119
Thank you.

00:45:28.840 --> 00:45:32.800
Okay, this one is uh full screen and

00:45:31.119 --> 00:45:35.599
pause. Okay. And can you go back to the

00:45:32.800 --> 00:45:35.600
beginning on it real quick?

00:45:36.400 --> 00:45:40.840
Okay.

00:45:37.719 --> 00:45:42.799
So, video in cockpit facing display

00:45:40.840 --> 00:45:43.920
screens is a big no-no uh because you

00:45:42.800 --> 00:45:45.680
could see stuff. So, we won't even

00:45:43.920 --> 00:45:47.400
bother with that. Uh but what they did,

00:45:45.679 --> 00:45:49.039
this is the Raptor flight demonstration

00:45:47.400 --> 00:45:50.519
team. This is out of Langley Air Force

00:45:49.039 --> 00:45:52.440
Base, Virginia. They mounted a camera in

00:45:50.519 --> 00:45:55.000
the cockpit kind of facing aft. What I

00:45:52.440 --> 00:45:56.920
love about this is again, you can see

00:45:55.000 --> 00:45:58.840
real quick kind of what's going on with

00:45:56.920 --> 00:46:01.159
the airplane. So, again, the leading

00:45:58.840 --> 00:46:02.559
edge slats, there's no input from the

00:46:01.159 --> 00:46:04.519
pilot other than just maneuvering.

00:46:02.559 --> 00:46:06.119
They'll deploy wherever they need to.

00:46:04.519 --> 00:46:07.239
You'll see the horizontal stabilators

00:46:06.119 --> 00:46:08.480
and if you're close, you can actually

00:46:07.239 --> 00:46:11.519
see what the ailerons are doing and what

00:46:08.480 --> 00:46:12.960
the flaperons are doing. Um a neat trick

00:46:11.519 --> 00:46:15.519
and we'll see this as they go into this

00:46:12.960 --> 00:46:17.400
high-G demo.

00:46:15.519 --> 00:46:18.639
Um you guys know about Have you This

00:46:17.400 --> 00:46:20.440
gets a little bit advanced, but a thing

00:46:18.639 --> 00:46:22.400
called static margin,

00:46:20.440 --> 00:46:24.159
uh which is a stability thing about this

00:46:22.400 --> 00:46:26.480
airplane. Again, this airplane in its

00:46:24.159 --> 00:46:28.480
bare airframe configuration, no

00:46:26.480 --> 00:46:31.280
hydraulics, no computers, nothing on

00:46:28.480 --> 00:46:32.880
board the airplane, totally unstable. Um

00:46:31.280 --> 00:46:35.000
what keeps it stable is the computer

00:46:32.880 --> 00:46:36.680
itself. Um what you'll see is you'll see

00:46:35.000 --> 00:46:38.000
this maneuver where he'll go into a G

00:46:36.679 --> 00:46:39.759
turn and you'll see all those clouds

00:46:38.000 --> 00:46:41.440
forming on the back end of the airplane.

00:46:39.760 --> 00:46:43.840
Pay attention to what the leading edge

00:46:41.440 --> 00:46:46.119
flaps are doing. They're digging in. The

00:46:43.840 --> 00:46:47.800
horizontal stabilators, um you'll see

00:46:46.119 --> 00:46:49.759
them initially move to get the turn

00:46:47.800 --> 00:46:52.080
going, but then once established in the

00:46:49.760 --> 00:46:54.760
turn, um the way it's controlling things

00:46:52.079 --> 00:46:57.119
is it's moving around the uh aerodynamic

00:46:54.760 --> 00:46:59.000
center and the the center of gravity.

00:46:57.119 --> 00:47:00.559
It's doing that by dorking around a bit

00:46:59.000 --> 00:47:01.840
with the lift on the wing and it's doing

00:47:00.559 --> 00:47:03.840
that by deflecting the leading edge

00:47:01.840 --> 00:47:04.960
flaps. So, that flight control surface

00:47:03.840 --> 00:47:06.039
display I showed you earlier, the

00:47:04.960 --> 00:47:08.159
horizontal stabilators will be

00:47:06.039 --> 00:47:09.920
completely streamlined. And all of the

00:47:08.159 --> 00:47:12.559
maneuvering is coming from the wing

00:47:09.920 --> 00:47:14.119
itself, which is pretty amazing.

00:47:12.559 --> 00:47:15.119
The next video? No, no, go go to flight

00:47:14.119 --> 00:47:16.880
controls. We'll watch that.

00:47:15.119 --> 00:47:18.799
I'll go back. Okay. Yep. And then we'll

00:47:16.880 --> 00:47:20.440
just kind of watch as it goes through.

00:47:18.800 --> 00:47:23.200
This time without the funky club music,

00:47:20.440 --> 00:47:23.200
I guess hopefully.

00:47:45.519 --> 00:47:49.159
Incidentally, watch flight controls in

00:47:47.199 --> 00:47:50.559
the back.

00:47:49.159 --> 00:47:51.159
Oh man, you need You need somebody

00:47:50.559 --> 00:47:53.920
better here.

00:47:51.159 --> 00:47:53.920
I know, totally.

00:47:58.239 --> 00:48:01.759
So, at that speed again, it's a G

00:47:59.679 --> 00:48:04.399
command system. Pilot is commanding a

00:48:01.760 --> 00:48:05.920
certain G rate and minor deflections are

00:48:04.400 --> 00:48:07.480
happening all the way here back along

00:48:05.920 --> 00:48:09.680
the back edge of the airplane. Pilot has

00:48:07.480 --> 00:48:11.639
no input on that. The system is doing

00:48:09.679 --> 00:48:14.879
everything possible to command that G

00:48:11.639 --> 00:48:14.879
that the pilot has asked for.

00:48:15.519 --> 00:48:19.358
You'll see one other maneuver here.

00:48:16.719 --> 00:48:22.159
Pause for a second.

00:48:19.358 --> 00:48:25.079
So, what this maneuver is is and again,

00:48:22.159 --> 00:48:27.079
right, slow speed, um airplane's going

00:48:25.079 --> 00:48:29.480
straight up and what they're trying to

00:48:27.079 --> 00:48:31.159
do is basically pitch forward completely

00:48:29.480 --> 00:48:32.400
um and get the airplane So, it's almost

00:48:31.159 --> 00:48:33.920
like you're flying an L. Like you're

00:48:32.400 --> 00:48:35.720
going straight up and then you want to

00:48:33.920 --> 00:48:37.720
pitch forward and then accelerate out

00:48:35.719 --> 00:48:39.000
horizontally that way. Um the way it

00:48:37.719 --> 00:48:40.639
gets that is through that that thrust

00:48:39.000 --> 00:48:42.119
vector and that happens. But as that

00:48:40.639 --> 00:48:43.719
maneuver happens, again, all the pilot

00:48:42.119 --> 00:48:46.000
is doing is just doing a direct push

00:48:43.719 --> 00:48:47.319
forward on the stick. Watch what happens

00:48:46.000 --> 00:48:49.239
to all the flight controls in the back

00:48:47.320 --> 00:48:50.720
of the airplane to keep that airplane

00:48:49.239 --> 00:48:53.279
going exactly where the air pilot wants

00:48:50.719 --> 00:48:53.279
it to. Play.

00:48:54.639 --> 00:48:58.480
So, you'll see huge deflections out of

00:48:56.480 --> 00:49:01.320
that horizontal stabilator. It's kind of

00:48:58.480 --> 00:49:01.320
neat. You can keep playing.

00:49:14.000 --> 00:49:16.840
So, what you're seeing there is um from

00:49:15.880 --> 00:49:19.960
the outside of the airplane, we'll see

00:49:16.840 --> 00:49:21.519
this more on the demo, is um the

00:49:19.960 --> 00:49:23.199
airplane is essentially pirouetting in

00:49:21.519 --> 00:49:24.719
the sky. So, it's falling straight down,

00:49:23.199 --> 00:49:28.199
but it's very controllable. It's flying

00:49:24.719 --> 00:49:29.959
at speeds about 60 to 65 mph, um but

00:49:28.199 --> 00:49:31.519
very very controllable. And you'll see

00:49:29.960 --> 00:49:33.159
every bit of flight control surface on

00:49:31.519 --> 00:49:34.719
the back end of this airplane deflecting

00:49:33.159 --> 00:49:36.399
to do what it needs to do. So, don't

00:49:34.719 --> 00:49:38.879
think of it in terms of aileron,

00:49:36.400 --> 00:49:41.440
elevator. It's a little bit fluid when

00:49:38.880 --> 00:49:42.280
it comes to a Raptor. It's stuff stuff

00:49:41.440 --> 00:49:44.400
happens back there.

00:49:42.280 --> 00:49:45.720
Touch and go video? Okay, so this shows

00:49:44.400 --> 00:49:48.240
a little bit of Yeah, you can go ahead

00:49:45.719 --> 00:49:48.239
and play that.

00:49:51.360 --> 00:49:55.160
And hit pause for a second. We'll just

00:49:52.760 --> 00:49:57.320
do the setup.

00:49:55.159 --> 00:49:58.279
Okay. So very quick, the setup for this

00:49:57.320 --> 00:50:00.240
video

00:49:58.280 --> 00:50:01.720
this is the downside of a digital flight

00:50:00.239 --> 00:50:04.599
control system

00:50:01.719 --> 00:50:06.919
cuz on this airplane again, it's it's

00:50:04.599 --> 00:50:09.960
pure cables, pulleys, right? It's ratios

00:50:06.920 --> 00:50:12.159
and gears and stuff like that, right?

00:50:09.960 --> 00:50:13.720
This airplane, it's software code. It's

00:50:12.159 --> 00:50:15.480
zeros and ones.

00:50:13.719 --> 00:50:17.119
And you better get it right. And

00:50:15.480 --> 00:50:19.280
everything is interconnected. We talked

00:50:17.119 --> 00:50:20.639
about how moving the gear handle tells

00:50:19.280 --> 00:50:22.240
the flight control system something

00:50:20.639 --> 00:50:23.879
different. If I open the air refueling

00:50:22.239 --> 00:50:26.399
door, it tells the flight control

00:50:23.880 --> 00:50:28.960
something different. In this case, the

00:50:26.400 --> 00:50:32.039
power setting of the airplane

00:50:28.960 --> 00:50:34.039
tells the airplane something different.

00:50:32.039 --> 00:50:35.759
This guy, one of my good friends, test

00:50:34.039 --> 00:50:37.480
pilot, outstanding guy, so don't think

00:50:35.760 --> 00:50:40.720
of this as he's a bad pilot. He's not.

00:50:37.480 --> 00:50:42.840
He's awesome. But the jet believed

00:50:40.719 --> 00:50:44.359
something that wasn't really true

00:50:42.840 --> 00:50:46.720
because there was an error in how the

00:50:44.360 --> 00:50:48.800
software was coded. And you'll see the

00:50:46.719 --> 00:50:50.159
first approach he'll do an approach

00:50:48.800 --> 00:50:51.720
he'll take off again at what's called

00:50:50.159 --> 00:50:52.879
military power, so they're not using

00:50:51.719 --> 00:50:55.480
afterburner.

00:50:52.880 --> 00:50:57.400
And the airplane behaves just fine.

00:50:55.480 --> 00:50:58.960
The next time around he goes around

00:50:57.400 --> 00:51:00.160
using afterburner power, so you'll see

00:50:58.960 --> 00:51:02.559
fire come out of the back end of the

00:51:00.159 --> 00:51:04.960
airplane. And that changes something in

00:51:02.559 --> 00:51:07.239
the flight system for the engines which

00:51:04.960 --> 00:51:08.920
tells the flight control computer a

00:51:07.239 --> 00:51:11.000
different condition. And what ended up

00:51:08.920 --> 00:51:13.840
happening is that the gains, if you

00:51:11.000 --> 00:51:15.719
will, of the stick were completely off.

00:51:13.840 --> 00:51:17.640
So again, this would be like if you were

00:51:15.719 --> 00:51:19.000
on the highway speed and that same wheel

00:51:17.639 --> 00:51:20.719
deflection you would use to park your

00:51:19.000 --> 00:51:22.880
car in your garage, now that little

00:51:20.719 --> 00:51:25.199
deflection of your wheel makes that same

00:51:22.880 --> 00:51:27.480
turn of the tires up front. So you get

00:51:25.199 --> 00:51:30.000
into what's called a pilot induced

00:51:27.480 --> 00:51:31.320
oscillation PIO, which basically says

00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:32.800
you're out of phase with the airplane.

00:51:31.320 --> 00:51:34.320
If I'm driving my car and I turn the

00:51:32.800 --> 00:51:36.039
steering wheel right, the car's going

00:51:34.320 --> 00:51:37.640
left. As it's going left, I'm trying to

00:51:36.039 --> 00:51:39.079
correct it I go right. Now the thing

00:51:37.639 --> 00:51:40.759
goes right. And so you get out of phase

00:51:39.079 --> 00:51:42.400
with the airplane. And you'll see what

00:51:40.760 --> 00:51:43.200
happens. Go ahead and play.

00:51:42.400 --> 00:51:45.039
By the way, you see all the flight

00:51:43.199 --> 00:51:46.839
control surfaces deflecting in the back?

00:51:45.039 --> 00:51:48.639
This is now in a pitch rate system, so

00:51:46.840 --> 00:51:50.000
he's just trying to land the airplane.

00:51:48.639 --> 00:51:51.639
The back of the airplane does whatever

00:51:50.000 --> 00:51:55.239
it needs to do to keep that flight path

00:51:51.639 --> 00:51:55.239
marker exactly where it needs to go.

00:51:57.920 --> 00:52:00.840
And again, all the flight control

00:51:58.880 --> 00:52:02.519
surfaces deflected military power cuz

00:52:00.840 --> 00:52:04.360
the engines are are black, if you will,

00:52:02.519 --> 00:52:06.320
on this one. On the next time around,

00:52:04.360 --> 00:52:08.039
you'll see him maneuver with

00:52:06.320 --> 00:52:11.519
afterburner. And you'll see him get into

00:52:08.039 --> 00:52:11.519
this pitch induced oscillation.

00:52:18.480 --> 00:52:23.480
That's the chase airplane, by the way.

00:52:19.639 --> 00:52:23.480
It's an F-16 that follows him around.

00:52:29.199 --> 00:52:32.599
So same thing getting set up to land.

00:52:30.760 --> 00:52:34.360
The camera goes out of focus here for a

00:52:32.599 --> 00:52:35.639
second, comes back in.

00:52:34.360 --> 00:52:36.680
Again, just notice everything that's

00:52:35.639 --> 00:52:38.719
happening on the back end of this

00:52:36.679 --> 00:52:42.039
airplane to keep that pitch rate where

00:52:38.719 --> 00:52:42.039
the pilot has commanded it to.

00:52:45.159 --> 00:52:48.000
Two things will happen here. He selects

00:52:46.440 --> 00:52:50.240
afterburner and he raises the gear. That

00:52:48.000 --> 00:52:53.400
changes the flight control laws. And the

00:52:50.239 --> 00:52:56.639
gains were not set correctly.

00:52:53.400 --> 00:52:57.599
There's the afterburner. And now you see

00:52:56.639 --> 00:52:58.759
where he's out of phase with the

00:52:57.599 --> 00:52:59.679
airplane.

00:52:58.760 --> 00:53:01.240
And he's doing everything to keep the

00:52:59.679 --> 00:53:04.159
airplane from hitting the ground. And

00:53:01.239 --> 00:53:04.159
can't can't avoid it.

00:53:04.519 --> 00:53:07.079
He's okay.

00:53:07.960 --> 00:53:10.760
But the airplane was fairly well scraped

00:53:09.199 --> 00:53:12.359
up, you can imagine.

00:53:10.760 --> 00:53:14.200
So it's it's just a danger, right? The

00:53:12.360 --> 00:53:16.200
digital flight controls allow a lot of

00:53:14.199 --> 00:53:17.679
flexibility and creativity.

00:53:16.199 --> 00:53:19.439
There used to be a term it's only

00:53:17.679 --> 00:53:22.559
software, you know, we can figure it

00:53:19.440 --> 00:53:25.320
out. Not true when you're dealing with

00:53:22.559 --> 00:53:26.759
you know, vehicles like this where small

00:53:25.320 --> 00:53:28.519
changes in software code can have

00:53:26.760 --> 00:53:30.520
dramatic implications on the ability of

00:53:28.519 --> 00:53:32.159
the airplane. So takes

00:53:30.519 --> 00:53:33.400
amazing amount of uh

00:53:32.159 --> 00:53:34.759
demo? Yep, you can go ahead and do

00:53:33.400 --> 00:53:37.400
Raptor demo. And with that we can go

00:53:34.760 --> 00:53:40.080
questions cuz I'm a little bit over. Uh

00:53:37.400 --> 00:53:41.599
No, it's fine. Okay.

00:53:40.079 --> 00:53:44.880
So we we can play this full speed or

00:53:41.599 --> 00:53:44.880
full full screen, if you will.

00:53:47.079 --> 00:53:48.440
You want to take questions while it's

00:53:48.159 --> 00:53:49.839
running?

00:53:48.440 --> 00:53:52.039
Yeah. Yeah, so this is from another good

00:53:49.840 --> 00:53:53.400
buddy of mine, guy named Zeke Skalicky,

00:53:52.039 --> 00:53:54.800
who was the Raptor demo pilot,

00:53:53.400 --> 00:53:56.519
outstanding guy.

00:53:54.800 --> 00:53:57.400
Um but this is the Raptor demo, if

00:53:56.519 --> 00:53:58.358
you've ever seen it. So we'll we'll take

00:53:57.400 --> 00:54:00.599
some questions while this is going. Go

00:53:58.358 --> 00:54:03.440
ahead.

00:54:00.599 --> 00:54:07.719
So on F-22 Yeah, greater than one to

00:54:03.440 --> 00:54:09.519
one. So the airplane about 63, 64,000 lb

00:54:07.719 --> 00:54:11.799
normally it's on takeoff.

00:54:09.519 --> 00:54:14.440
The thrust coming out the back is 70,000

00:54:11.800 --> 00:54:16.200
lb. So on a nice cold day, like if

00:54:14.440 --> 00:54:17.920
you're close enough to sea level, you

00:54:16.199 --> 00:54:21.039
will actually go faster than the speed

00:54:17.920 --> 00:54:23.440
of sound while you're climbing up. Which

00:54:21.039 --> 00:54:23.440
is cool.

00:54:23.519 --> 00:54:27.039
Yeah, yeah, but please

00:54:24.599 --> 00:54:29.000
thrust vectoring while taking off?

00:54:27.039 --> 00:54:30.480
I Let's try to

00:54:29.000 --> 00:54:33.559
Oh yeah, try to repeat the question if

00:54:30.480 --> 00:54:35.320
you can. Oh, sorry. Cuz he's not miked.

00:54:33.559 --> 00:54:36.920
So the question was Well one, the

00:54:35.320 --> 00:54:38.080
question was is thrust to weight ratio.

00:54:36.920 --> 00:54:40.800
It's greater than one to one, a little

00:54:38.079 --> 00:54:41.840
bit greater than one to one on takeoff.

00:54:40.800 --> 00:54:43.560
By the way, watch this maneuver here

00:54:41.840 --> 00:54:45.160
real quick. So that's the thrust

00:54:43.559 --> 00:54:47.039
vectoring

00:54:45.159 --> 00:54:48.239
kind of kicking in to really get the

00:54:47.039 --> 00:54:49.639
airplane. So initially that's the flight

00:54:48.239 --> 00:54:51.519
control surfaces. And then as things

00:54:49.639 --> 00:54:52.799
slow down, the thrust vectoring kicks in

00:54:51.519 --> 00:54:55.519
to basically turn the airplane into a

00:54:52.800 --> 00:54:55.519
flat plate.

00:54:55.800 --> 00:54:59.400
Second question was about the thrust

00:54:57.280 --> 00:55:01.040
vectoring on takeoff. So it'll put in a

00:54:59.400 --> 00:55:02.559
little bit up, not much, just a little

00:55:01.039 --> 00:55:05.480
bit up just to help the nose rotate.

00:55:02.559 --> 00:55:07.279
Just just a tad.

00:55:05.480 --> 00:55:10.119
This is that high angle of attack kind

00:55:07.280 --> 00:55:10.120
of maneuver, if you will.

00:55:12.480 --> 00:55:16.559
Keep going. It's all good questions.

00:55:14.880 --> 00:55:18.440
Yeah. You said all the software's

00:55:16.559 --> 00:55:20.079
written so basically so the plane can't

00:55:18.440 --> 00:55:21.800
damage itself. So this is the pilot

00:55:20.079 --> 00:55:24.199
becoming a limiter? Yes. You in

00:55:21.800 --> 00:55:25.519
situations where it can hurt you? Yeah,

00:55:24.199 --> 00:55:27.799
very much so. In fact, we've kind of

00:55:25.519 --> 00:55:29.960
achieved that spot now where the pilot

00:55:27.800 --> 00:55:31.280
very much is limiting the performance of

00:55:29.960 --> 00:55:33.720
the airplane itself cuz the airplane can

00:55:31.280 --> 00:55:35.560
do so much more. What you So this is

00:55:33.719 --> 00:55:37.599
what's called a fifth generation

00:55:35.559 --> 00:55:39.400
fighter. First generation was like an

00:55:37.599 --> 00:55:40.960
old Korean War

00:55:39.400 --> 00:55:42.960
like F-86 kind of airplane. And then

00:55:40.960 --> 00:55:44.599
successively through the generations,

00:55:42.960 --> 00:55:46.720
you arrive at this fifth generation,

00:55:44.599 --> 00:55:49.119
which to me is the pinnacle of what you

00:55:46.719 --> 00:55:51.639
could get with a human and an airplane

00:55:49.119 --> 00:55:54.079
together. Sixth generation is going to

00:55:51.639 --> 00:55:56.199
involve teaming this airplane with

00:55:54.079 --> 00:55:57.920
unmanned airplanes. And the unmanned

00:55:56.199 --> 00:55:59.599
airplanes are going to have a lot more

00:55:57.920 --> 00:56:00.840
capability from a maneuvering standpoint

00:55:59.599 --> 00:56:02.920
because they don't have the limitation

00:56:00.840 --> 00:56:04.440
of the pilot and all the life support

00:56:02.920 --> 00:56:05.920
systems that come with it and everything

00:56:04.440 --> 00:56:07.358
else. So all that weight you would

00:56:05.920 --> 00:56:09.800
normally devote to that, you can get

00:56:07.358 --> 00:56:10.920
away with putting other stuff in there.

00:56:09.800 --> 00:56:13.359
When I was telling you it flies about

00:56:10.920 --> 00:56:14.720
the same speed as like a Cessna,

00:56:13.358 --> 00:56:15.759
I mean this is those types of maneuvers

00:56:14.719 --> 00:56:17.199
there where you can get away with that.

00:56:15.760 --> 00:56:20.480
Again, watch the flight control surfaces

00:56:17.199 --> 00:56:20.480
in the back and what's going on.

00:56:20.800 --> 00:56:23.760
Later on they'll do a pass where he'll

00:56:22.440 --> 00:56:25.400
open up the doors and you can see the

00:56:23.760 --> 00:56:26.640
main weapon bay, which is underneath the

00:56:25.400 --> 00:56:28.559
airplane belly. And then you'll see the

00:56:26.639 --> 00:56:29.879
side weapon bay doors. So you can kind

00:56:28.559 --> 00:56:31.799
of see kind of where all the weapons are

00:56:29.880 --> 00:56:33.559
carried inside the airplane. Again, a

00:56:31.800 --> 00:56:34.960
huge center of gravity challenge.

00:56:33.559 --> 00:56:38.239
Incidentally, so so here's a maneuver

00:56:34.960 --> 00:56:38.240
there so you can see the doors open.

00:56:39.559 --> 00:56:42.920
One thing I didn't really tell you about

00:56:40.760 --> 00:56:44.440
is so in that situation cuz you know,

00:56:42.920 --> 00:56:45.920
missiles weigh a couple hundred pounds a

00:56:44.440 --> 00:56:47.400
piece or so. Some of the bombs are about

00:56:45.920 --> 00:56:48.720
a thousand pounds a piece. When you lose

00:56:47.400 --> 00:56:50.599
all that weight immediately, it's

00:56:48.719 --> 00:56:52.358
literally like dropping a car off the

00:56:50.599 --> 00:56:54.119
front end of the airplane. The way that

00:56:52.358 --> 00:56:56.358
it fixes that center of gravity issue is

00:56:54.119 --> 00:56:58.599
by changing fuel inside the airplane. So

00:56:56.358 --> 00:57:00.519
it sloshes fuel forward or back to keep

00:56:58.599 --> 00:57:02.319
the center of gravity again completely

00:57:00.519 --> 00:57:03.679
pilot There's no fuel control panel

00:57:02.320 --> 00:57:05.039
where I go, well, move this and click

00:57:03.679 --> 00:57:07.480
this and whatever. It does it all

00:57:05.039 --> 00:57:09.759
completely automatically. Go ahead.

00:57:07.480 --> 00:57:09.760
Yeah.

00:57:11.239 --> 00:57:15.679
The sensors that you can use? So all of

00:57:13.159 --> 00:57:17.679
the fuel tanks are are instrumented.

00:57:15.679 --> 00:57:19.679
So you know the status of fuel in terms

00:57:17.679 --> 00:57:22.039
of where things are set up.

00:57:19.679 --> 00:57:23.358
It you tell it what Actually, it has the

00:57:22.039 --> 00:57:24.679
ability to know what's on the airplane.

00:57:23.358 --> 00:57:26.079
So when you load a missile, it goes, oh,

00:57:24.679 --> 00:57:27.879
it's this type of missile. And it goes

00:57:26.079 --> 00:57:29.599
it weighs this much. And it knows the

00:57:27.880 --> 00:57:32.519
mass properties of it. And so it sets it

00:57:29.599 --> 00:57:32.519
up from there.

00:57:32.880 --> 00:57:35.880
So

00:57:34.199 --> 00:57:37.039
it actually identifies that all by

00:57:35.880 --> 00:57:39.240
itself.

00:57:37.039 --> 00:57:40.400
So like in a in a Cirrus, you have to go

00:57:39.239 --> 00:57:42.199
you have to actually pull up a screen on

00:57:40.400 --> 00:57:44.160
the Cirrus and go, my passenger weighs

00:57:42.199 --> 00:57:45.439
this and I've got this baggage on board.

00:57:44.159 --> 00:57:47.759
And and then it gives you the picture of

00:57:45.440 --> 00:57:48.760
where the center of gravity is. Um this

00:57:47.760 --> 00:57:50.520
thing because it's all digital, the

00:57:48.760 --> 00:57:52.200
missile has a little connector rod that

00:57:50.519 --> 00:57:54.039
connects in and it says, behold, I'm a

00:57:52.199 --> 00:57:56.079
missile.

00:57:54.039 --> 00:57:59.800
Oh, the pilot weight doesn't matter

00:57:56.079 --> 00:58:01.719
because they they they spec it well

00:57:59.800 --> 00:58:03.760
it matters, but for a different reason.

00:58:01.719 --> 00:58:05.959
It matters for the ejection seat

00:58:03.760 --> 00:58:08.520
predominantly. Because the ejection seat

00:58:05.960 --> 00:58:10.240
you know, I think it's like 135 lb is

00:58:08.519 --> 00:58:13.358
the light It's something like that. 115,

00:58:10.239 --> 00:58:15.159
135 to like 220 or something. It's

00:58:13.358 --> 00:58:16.480
something around that spot.

00:58:15.159 --> 00:58:18.559
So to be able to be within the safe

00:58:16.480 --> 00:58:21.358
envelope of the ejection seat, that's

00:58:18.559 --> 00:58:23.199
where the weight of the pilot matters.

00:58:21.358 --> 00:58:24.840
But they they spec the center of gravity

00:58:23.199 --> 00:58:26.439
such that so long as

00:58:24.840 --> 00:58:27.800
really anyone can sit up front and

00:58:26.440 --> 00:58:29.519
you're not going to throw off the CG of

00:58:27.800 --> 00:58:31.560
the airplane. Even though you're way far

00:58:29.519 --> 00:58:33.358
forward of the of the CG and there there

00:58:31.559 --> 00:58:34.199
there there's a moment arm there.

00:58:33.358 --> 00:58:35.639
But between everything else in the

00:58:34.199 --> 00:58:37.879
cockpit, I mean that ejection seat is

00:58:35.639 --> 00:58:39.639
ridiculously heavy. And all the avionics

00:58:37.880 --> 00:58:40.559
that sit up front, the radars up front.

00:58:39.639 --> 00:58:42.719
I mean all these things that sit up

00:58:40.559 --> 00:58:45.920
there have far more of a contribution to

00:58:42.719 --> 00:58:47.480
the center of gravity than you do.

00:58:45.920 --> 00:58:49.639
Unless you're like Shaq or something

00:58:47.480 --> 00:58:52.280
like that. But go ahead.

00:58:49.639 --> 00:58:54.639
Is it on the either flight cockpit or on

00:58:52.280 --> 00:58:57.000
the helmet screen?

00:58:54.639 --> 00:58:58.358
So in this airplane, not yet. That's

00:58:57.000 --> 00:59:00.159
coming along soon. Some of the older

00:58:58.358 --> 00:59:01.920
airplanes, believe it or not, have that.

00:59:00.159 --> 00:59:04.719
Like the F-15 that I flew, you had a

00:59:01.920 --> 00:59:06.480
special helmet that had all of the

00:59:04.719 --> 00:59:07.599
information displayed on the visor

00:59:06.480 --> 00:59:09.119
itself.

00:59:07.599 --> 00:59:10.358
So in addition to that hands-on throttle

00:59:09.119 --> 00:59:11.799
and stick, so I don't have to take my

00:59:10.358 --> 00:59:13.880
hands off of anything to touch anything

00:59:11.800 --> 00:59:16.320
in the cockpit. I also don't have to

00:59:13.880 --> 00:59:18.880
look in the cockpit to see altitude,

00:59:16.320 --> 00:59:20.519
airspeed, heading. It's it's all

00:59:18.880 --> 00:59:22.720
displayed to me

00:59:20.519 --> 00:59:24.920
up front. This airplane eventually will

00:59:22.719 --> 00:59:26.639
get that. It it didn't make the This is

00:59:24.920 --> 00:59:28.480
a programmatic discussion now, right?

00:59:26.639 --> 00:59:30.319
They They only had so many dollars to

00:59:28.480 --> 00:59:32.440
spend and they said this airplane is so

00:59:30.320 --> 00:59:34.000
awesome that it shouldn't need a helmet

00:59:32.440 --> 00:59:36.240
mounted display system because it should

00:59:34.000 --> 00:59:38.360
be able to see uh all the bad guys from

00:59:36.239 --> 00:59:40.000
far enough away and not be a problem.

00:59:38.360 --> 00:59:41.880
We fielded the airplane that way and

00:59:40.000 --> 00:59:43.960
every pilot So, the first batch of

00:59:41.880 --> 00:59:45.440
pilots, they all transitioned from

00:59:43.960 --> 00:59:47.159
airplanes that had that helmet mounted

00:59:45.440 --> 00:59:48.679
system and they came to this airplane

00:59:47.159 --> 00:59:50.799
where it didn't have it and they were

00:59:48.679 --> 00:59:52.359
pissed. They're like, "We We got to have

00:59:50.800 --> 00:59:53.600
that back." Right? So, that's kind of

00:59:52.360 --> 00:59:56.000
where a lot of the efforts now are going

00:59:53.599 --> 00:59:58.159
to modernize the airplane a bit.

00:59:56.000 --> 01:00:00.239
What else? Good questions. Good. Yeah.

00:59:58.159 --> 01:00:01.759
Yeah, why do they still need humans in

01:00:00.239 --> 01:00:04.159
the cockpit? Why not just go for

01:00:01.760 --> 01:00:06.360
unmanned systems?

01:00:04.159 --> 01:00:08.319
It is It is the great debate of the

01:00:06.360 --> 01:00:09.519
fighter community right now and you're

01:00:08.320 --> 01:00:12.640
really touching on something really

01:00:09.519 --> 01:00:16.000
really deep. Um

01:00:12.639 --> 01:00:17.279
The best answer so far is that the

01:00:16.000 --> 01:00:18.559
greatest I mean, we talked a lot about

01:00:17.280 --> 01:00:20.120
the hardware and the systems on board

01:00:18.559 --> 01:00:21.960
the airplane. Really, the greatest piece

01:00:20.119 --> 01:00:24.679
of capability on the airplane is the

01:00:21.960 --> 01:00:27.280
mind of the person flying

01:00:24.679 --> 01:00:29.759
uh up front. If it's a very dynamic and

01:00:27.280 --> 01:00:31.640
changing environment, uh to be able to

01:00:29.760 --> 01:00:32.960
tell a machine to be able to incorporate

01:00:31.639 --> 01:00:35.519
all those inputs and make the right

01:00:32.960 --> 01:00:36.760
decisions based on that, kind of hard to

01:00:35.519 --> 01:00:38.280
do right now. I'm not saying we're not

01:00:36.760 --> 01:00:40.440
going to get there. Just right now it's

01:00:38.280 --> 01:00:42.160
it's difficult. Where Where we use

01:00:40.440 --> 01:00:43.559
unmanned systems a lot now is like in

01:00:42.159 --> 01:00:44.759
surveillance

01:00:43.559 --> 01:00:46.279
uh missions where you can just launch

01:00:44.760 --> 01:00:47.840
the thing and it's got a pre-programmed

01:00:46.280 --> 01:00:50.080
navigation and it knows what it needs to

01:00:47.840 --> 01:00:51.000
do and it can set things up. Um those

01:00:50.079 --> 01:00:52.880
are

01:00:51.000 --> 01:00:54.280
somewhat bounded problems. Probably the

01:00:52.880 --> 01:00:56.360
best way to to describe it where you

01:00:54.280 --> 01:00:57.880
could use an unmanned system for that.

01:00:56.360 --> 01:01:00.079
Where it gets difficult is in combat

01:00:57.880 --> 01:01:03.960
situation, it's it's extremely dynamic.

01:01:00.079 --> 01:01:05.799
It's It's Battle Royale, WWF, mosh pit,

01:01:03.960 --> 01:01:07.800
any possible chaotic situation you can

01:01:05.800 --> 01:01:09.880
put. That's kind of what it looks like.

01:01:07.800 --> 01:01:11.720
Um and so, having a human mind attached

01:01:09.880 --> 01:01:13.280
in that environment to be able to adapt

01:01:11.719 --> 01:01:14.759
and do what the mind does better than a

01:01:13.280 --> 01:01:17.080
machine does at least right now. That's

01:01:14.760 --> 01:01:18.320
the main argument to keep humans in the

01:01:17.079 --> 01:01:20.519
system.

01:01:18.320 --> 01:01:22.840
For now. Right?

01:01:20.519 --> 01:01:22.840
Yeah.

01:01:28.519 --> 01:01:31.719
Yeah, it is. Um

01:01:31.840 --> 01:01:35.840
Yeah, the question is is that if you

01:01:33.280 --> 01:01:37.400
operate these things remotely, so even

01:01:35.840 --> 01:01:39.519
if you had so, you know, classic

01:01:37.400 --> 01:01:40.840
example, we'll use Sully Sullenberger,

01:01:39.519 --> 01:01:43.000
all right, as a cuz we talked about

01:01:40.840 --> 01:01:44.400
Sully in the previous one. Uh you take

01:01:43.000 --> 01:01:46.159
off out of LaGuardia, you lose both

01:01:44.400 --> 01:01:48.559
engines. Um if you could have a remote

01:01:46.159 --> 01:01:50.440
pilot sitting somewhere else that could

01:01:48.559 --> 01:01:51.960
take over and decide land on the Hudson

01:01:50.440 --> 01:01:53.320
because a machine most likely wouldn't

01:01:51.960 --> 01:01:55.599
have made that choice.

01:01:53.320 --> 01:01:57.240
Um is there a time lag issue? The answer

01:01:55.599 --> 01:01:59.159
is 100% yes.

01:01:57.239 --> 01:02:00.719
Um there is a time lag issue between uh

01:01:59.159 --> 01:02:02.359
getting that information display down,

01:02:00.719 --> 01:02:05.439
make the input, that input goes back up

01:02:02.360 --> 01:02:08.079
and comes back over. Um a thing we've

01:02:05.440 --> 01:02:09.200
done at test pilot school is, remember

01:02:08.079 --> 01:02:10.559
we showed earlier that flight path

01:02:09.199 --> 01:02:12.480
marker?

01:02:10.559 --> 01:02:13.719
Uh where as a pilot you put the flight

01:02:12.480 --> 01:02:15.240
path marker and that's exactly where

01:02:13.719 --> 01:02:17.039
your airplane's going to go. If there's

01:02:15.239 --> 01:02:18.959
a time lag, that will actually mess you

01:02:17.039 --> 01:02:20.239
up because there's some second or two

01:02:18.960 --> 01:02:21.960
delay between what you're seeing and

01:02:20.239 --> 01:02:23.319
what the airplane's actually going. At

01:02:21.960 --> 01:02:25.360
test pilot school, they actually built a

01:02:23.320 --> 01:02:28.200
flight test a flight path marker that

01:02:25.360 --> 01:02:29.280
accounts for that time delay. If it

01:02:28.199 --> 01:02:31.399
knows that time delay, it'll actually

01:02:29.280 --> 01:02:33.000
account for it. So, you could fly the

01:02:31.400 --> 01:02:34.599
airplane remotely

01:02:33.000 --> 01:02:36.320
um even with the time lag and still be

01:02:34.599 --> 01:02:38.000
able to do very high gain tasks like

01:02:36.320 --> 01:02:39.320
land the airplane for instance where

01:02:38.000 --> 01:02:41.360
things are changing very rapidly. So,

01:02:39.320 --> 01:02:42.840
it's it's a new science, not fully

01:02:41.360 --> 01:02:44.880
fleshed out yet, but the but the proof

01:02:42.840 --> 01:02:46.800
of concept has been demonstrated to

01:02:44.880 --> 01:02:49.280
control an airplane remotely

01:02:46.800 --> 01:02:50.880
um even with the time lag.

01:02:49.280 --> 01:02:52.280
Who really cares about that right now?

01:02:50.880 --> 01:02:54.400
Are the airlines.

01:02:52.280 --> 01:02:56.000
Because uh to be very frank, uh the

01:02:54.400 --> 01:02:57.400
pilots tend to be a pain in the butt for

01:02:56.000 --> 01:02:58.880
an airline company.

01:02:57.400 --> 01:03:00.400
Um and if you can remove the pilots and

01:02:58.880 --> 01:03:02.760
just have a remote operating system or

01:03:00.400 --> 01:03:04.840
even an autonomous system, uh to the

01:03:02.760 --> 01:03:06.080
from a business standpoint, the company

01:03:04.840 --> 01:03:08.039
really likes that from an aviation

01:03:06.079 --> 01:03:10.440
standpoint. It triggers all types of

01:03:08.039 --> 01:03:12.039
discussions in a lot of other issues.

01:03:10.440 --> 01:03:13.960
Um but that's one question. Good. Let me

01:03:12.039 --> 01:03:15.800
jump Let me jump in for a minute with

01:03:13.960 --> 01:03:18.639
that. I think actually, to me, one of

01:03:15.800 --> 01:03:20.480
the holy grails of GA safety would be to

01:03:18.639 --> 01:03:21.759
have uh

01:03:20.480 --> 01:03:22.320
a

01:03:21.760 --> 01:03:24.560
uh

01:03:22.320 --> 01:03:26.400
human co-pilot perhaps, you know, on the

01:03:24.559 --> 01:03:29.480
ground. So, if you had that kind of

01:03:26.400 --> 01:03:31.119
telemetry that you have in a in a drone,

01:03:29.480 --> 01:03:32.519
uh you know, human somewhere else could

01:03:31.119 --> 01:03:34.159
say, you know, "You're running a little

01:03:32.519 --> 01:03:36.119
short on fuel." Or you forgot to change

01:03:34.159 --> 01:03:37.279
tanks. All the things that a human

01:03:36.119 --> 01:03:39.359
uh co-pilot could do right in the

01:03:37.280 --> 01:03:40.920
cockpit, you know, most of that safety,

01:03:39.360 --> 01:03:43.800
running checklist could be probably

01:03:40.920 --> 01:03:45.760
enhanced Yep. Uh remotely. So, that

01:03:43.800 --> 01:03:47.920
would be a great add to a Cessna or a

01:03:45.760 --> 01:03:49.120
Piper even. And you see a little bit now

01:03:47.920 --> 01:03:50.079
in some of the more advanced airplanes

01:03:49.119 --> 01:03:51.599
like we talked a little bit about if I

01:03:50.079 --> 01:03:53.119
have an engine problem in the Raptor, I

01:03:51.599 --> 01:03:54.199
literally do nothing. I just sit there

01:03:53.119 --> 01:03:55.960
and stare at the clouds and go, "Wow,

01:03:54.199 --> 01:03:58.239
what a lovely day." And the computer

01:03:55.960 --> 01:04:00.119
fixes it for me. Right? Um there are

01:03:58.239 --> 01:04:01.358
other scenarios where the jet will tell

01:04:00.119 --> 01:04:03.159
me, "Hey, you've got a generator

01:04:01.358 --> 01:04:05.480
problem." and then immediately pull up

01:04:03.159 --> 01:04:08.119
the checklist for the generator failure

01:04:05.480 --> 01:04:10.000
to allow me to fix it. So, you see some

01:04:08.119 --> 01:04:11.400
basic automation right now kind of

01:04:10.000 --> 01:04:13.480
already in play. Couple other questions,

01:04:11.400 --> 01:04:16.400
I know we're running short. Good.

01:04:13.480 --> 01:04:16.400
I'm good. Yeah.

01:04:25.000 --> 01:04:29.559
Yeah, if it's a uh so, it's We have two

01:04:27.519 --> 01:04:31.000
terms. One's called beyond visual range,

01:04:29.559 --> 01:04:33.719
which means I can't see the other guy

01:04:31.000 --> 01:04:36.320
with my eyes, um but my sensors can see

01:04:33.719 --> 01:04:38.079
him. Um and if I'm shooting missiles

01:04:36.320 --> 01:04:40.200
long distance like that, I I don't lose

01:04:38.079 --> 01:04:41.440
any seat of the pants by being remotely.

01:04:40.199 --> 01:04:43.719
It's like a video game. Like literally,

01:04:41.440 --> 01:04:45.000
it's it's exactly like a video game. Um

01:04:43.719 --> 01:04:46.239
if it's a maneuvering environment where

01:04:45.000 --> 01:04:47.880
I see the guy and we're in a dog fight,

01:04:46.239 --> 01:04:49.839
then yeah, you lose a lot, right? In

01:04:47.880 --> 01:04:51.599
terms of seat of the pants, eyeball,

01:04:49.840 --> 01:04:52.920
just things that are hard to to

01:04:51.599 --> 01:04:54.719
automate. So, it's

01:04:52.920 --> 01:04:56.200
half and half, right? In a drone

01:04:54.719 --> 01:04:57.679
scenario, I mean,

01:04:56.199 --> 01:04:59.279
what would a drone dog fight? I don't

01:04:57.679 --> 01:05:00.519
know. It's a good question. I'm not

01:04:59.280 --> 01:05:02.760
really sure.

01:05:00.519 --> 01:05:02.759
Good.

01:05:06.880 --> 01:05:10.840
You could. Um but then I have to have

01:05:08.920 --> 01:05:12.400
some way to represent the physical

01:05:10.840 --> 01:05:14.760
environment that the drone is seeing. I

01:05:12.400 --> 01:05:16.599
got to be able to represent that to the

01:05:14.760 --> 01:05:18.000
guy on the simulator on the ground. I I

01:05:16.599 --> 01:05:20.799
have to be able to kind of relay that

01:05:18.000 --> 01:05:21.920
real time. Um it matters. So,

01:05:20.800 --> 01:05:23.760
uh

01:05:21.920 --> 01:05:25.440
Who Who plays sports? Right? Guys, you

01:05:23.760 --> 01:05:27.320
know, any I mean, whenever you're

01:05:25.440 --> 01:05:29.039
playing sports, you got an opponent. Uh

01:05:27.320 --> 01:05:30.320
you get if you play a lot like if it's

01:05:29.039 --> 01:05:31.519
racquetball or football or something

01:05:30.320 --> 01:05:33.000
like that, you get very good at looking

01:05:31.519 --> 01:05:35.679
at your opponent and being able to see

01:05:33.000 --> 01:05:37.639
micro movements before the actual big

01:05:35.679 --> 01:05:38.960
movement happens so that you know, "Oh,

01:05:37.639 --> 01:05:40.159
they're about to swing this way." Or

01:05:38.960 --> 01:05:42.440
they're going to throw this way. So, you

01:05:40.159 --> 01:05:44.119
can read your opponent and make a

01:05:42.440 --> 01:05:46.079
decision about what's about to happen a

01:05:44.119 --> 01:05:48.039
second or two from now. In a fighter

01:05:46.079 --> 01:05:50.679
jet, the exact same thing. If I'm

01:05:48.039 --> 01:05:52.440
fighting a guy and I see a control

01:05:50.679 --> 01:05:54.960
surface deflection even before the

01:05:52.440 --> 01:05:56.119
airplane has gone, I know person's going

01:05:54.960 --> 01:05:57.880
this way.

01:05:56.119 --> 01:05:59.239
I can position myself to be there before

01:05:57.880 --> 01:06:01.119
they arrive.

01:05:59.239 --> 01:06:03.039
I would need some way to represent that

01:06:01.119 --> 01:06:05.239
if I'm in a simulator on the ground and

01:06:03.039 --> 01:06:06.800
it would have to be kind of transparent

01:06:05.239 --> 01:06:09.119
to the guy in the simulator

01:06:06.800 --> 01:06:10.280
what what that feels like.

01:06:09.119 --> 01:06:12.000
Good.

01:06:10.280 --> 01:06:14.040
Lots of good questions. It's good class.

01:06:12.000 --> 01:06:16.000
Let me ask actually, where's Who's here

01:06:14.039 --> 01:06:17.840
from the flying club?

01:06:16.000 --> 01:06:19.880
Uh Sebastian?

01:06:17.840 --> 01:06:21.800
Yeah, actually, I wonder if lads, can

01:06:19.880 --> 01:06:23.240
you stay another uh 10-15 minutes?

01:06:21.800 --> 01:06:26.280
Absolutely. Why don't we have Sebastian

01:06:23.239 --> 01:06:28.000
jump in, give his flying club spiel, and

01:06:26.280 --> 01:06:31.200
then uh both of them will be up front

01:06:28.000 --> 01:06:31.920
for uh questions right afterwards.

01:06:31.199 --> 01:06:34.480
Thank you, lads.

01:06:31.920 --> 01:06:34.480
No worries.