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[00:20] Ever since Israeli victory during the wars
of 1948 and 1956, the Arab coalition led by
[00:27] Egypt, Syria and Jordan was eager to change
the situation in the region by defeating Israel.
[00:36] Both sides understood that the conflict was
far from over and were preparing for the next
[00:41] stage of confrontation.
[00:44] International interference and inability of
the sides to find a settlement made one of
[00:50] the most iconic conflicts of the modern era
– the Six-day War inevitable.
[00:56] On May 13, 1967 the Soviet Union falsely informed
Egypt about concentration of 11-13 brigades
[01:05] of the Israeli Defence Forces with an intent
to strike Syria.
[01:10] In response Egypt started concentrating forces
along the border with Israel in Sinai and
[01:16] on May 16 demanded the UN peacekeeping forces
to leave the peninsula.
[01:22] At the same time, Israel refused the request
of the UN on deployment of the UNEF on their
[01:28] side of the border either.
[01:30] In the next few days Egypt, Israel, Jordan
and Sudan started mobilization of their forces,
[01:37] Iraq sent expeditionary forces to Jordan,
Saudi Arabia expressed its willingness to
[01:42] participate in military actions.
[01:45] But the turning point, which made the full
scale confrontation inevitable was the decision
[01:50] of Egypt to block Israeli ships from entering
the Straits of Tiran on May 22-23.
[02:00] On June 1 Israel established a National Unity
Government, which on June 4 decided to go
[02:07] to war.
[02:08] The Arab Coalition of Egypt, Jordan and Syria
had an advantage over Israel in deployed troops
[02:15] with 240 thousand against 100 thousand, in
tanks with 2504 against 800 and in aircrafts
[02:24] with 957 against 300.
[02:29] Israel planned to strike on June 5 with the
Operation Focus, which aimed to destroy Egyptian
[02:35] air force.
[02:36] The Israeli media published false reports
claiming Israeli soldiers are on vacation,
[02:42] while their pilots were carrying out training
sorties as usual and their intelligence helped
[02:48] make these trainings as realistic as possible
and damaged the tracking antenna of the US
[02:55] Embassy to prevent the Americans finding out
about the operation before the strike took
[03:00] place.
[03:01] The Israeli pilots were informed about the
start of the operation only 5 hours in advance.
[03:08] At the same time Egyptian air defence system
was effectively off on June 5.
[03:14] Nearly 200 Israeli aircrafts attacked 14 Egyptian
airfields and caught them absolutely off guard.
[03:22] 338 Egyptian aircrafts were destroyed, 100
pilots were killed within 3 hours.
[03:29] Jordanian and Syrian Airforce attacked Israel
in retaliation at 11 am June 5.
[03:36] The response of Israeli airforce was attack
on their airfields which led to destruction
[03:42] of all 28 Jordanian, 53 Syrian and 10 Iraqi
planes.
[03:47] The Operation Focus was a decisive success:
Israel lost only 19 planes in this Operation
[03:54] and guaranteed its total air dominance for
the rest of the war.
[03:59] The ground war was taking place at three fronts:
the Sinai front, the Jordanian front, the
[04:05] Syrian front.
[04:06] At the Sinai front the Egyptian forces consisted
of seven divisions: four armoured, two infantry,
[04:13] and one mechanized infantry.
[04:16] Egypt had 100,000 troops and 900–950 tanks
in the Sinai, so Israel concentrated three
[04:24] divisions consisting of six armoured, one
infantry, one mechanized infantry and three
[04:29] paratrooper brigades for a total of 70,000
men and 700 tanks along this front.
[04:37] Israel’s plan was to catch Egyptians off
guard by attacking simultaneously with air
[04:42] strikes, and attacking through the Northern
and Central routes in the Sinai Peninsula
[04:47] instead of the Central and Southern Routes
used during the Sinai War.
[04:52] On 5 June, at 7:50 a.m., the northernmost
Israeli division, consisting of three brigades
[04:59] and commanded by Major General Israel Tal
started its advance towards Arish through
[05:04] Gaza with an aim to encircle Khan Yunis, while
the paratroopers were ordered to take Rafah.
[05:11] Initially, Egyptians offered little resistance,
since their intelligence concluded that, this
[05:16] was a diversion rather than a main attack.
[05:20] However, soon resistance against the 60th
armoured brigade ramped up.
[05:25] This did not stop the Israeli forces from
reaching Khan Yunis Railway junction in 4
[05:31] hours.
[05:32] Afterwards IDF advanced on Sheikh Zuweid and
defeated fierce Egyptian resistance thanks
[05:38] to air domination.
[05:40] The road on Arish was open and by 8 am of
6 July elements of the 79th Armored Battalion
[05:48] and the 7th brigade entered the suspiciously
quiet city.
[05:53] Suddenly the Egyptians started firing from
the balconies, windows and there was a heavy
[05:57] battle going on for control in the city and
the IDF was only able to take full control
[06:03] of the city after reinforcements were sent.
[06:07] The northernmost division then split into
two parts.
[06:10] One of them continued the advance on the Suez
channel, while the second group turned south
[06:16] and captured Bir Lahfan and Jabal Libni.
[06:20] Further south on 6 June, the 14 thousand men
150 tank strong Israeli 38th Armored Division
[06:27] under Major-General Ariel Sharon was confronted
by the Egyptian 2nd Infantry Division under
[06:33] Major-General Sa'adi Nagib, consisting of
16,000 troops and 90 tanks.
[06:40] Israel successfully advanced towards Abu Ageila.
[06:43] The paratroopers landed behind Egyptian positions
and sew enough confusion to weaken the artillery
[06:49] of the Egyptian defense, which opened the
way of the IDF to capture Um Katef.
[06:55] It was followed by fierce close tank battle,
which ended in an Israeli victory with 40
[07:02] Egyptian and 19 Israeli tanks destroyed.
[07:07] The Egyptian forces in Sinai were still largely
intact, but their Field Marshal Abdel Hakim
[07:14] Amer panicked and ordered retreat of all units
from Sinai after hearing about the fall of
[07:21] Abu-Ageila.
[07:22] This order did not elaborate on the sequence
and manner of the retreat, which only decreased
[07:27] the defensive capabilities of the Egyptian
troops.
[07:33] During the following days the IDF continued
its advance westward and inflicted heavy losses
[07:39] on the Egyptians.
[07:42] Despite episodic heavy resistance by the Egyptians
as in Bin Gafgafa, the napalm bombing by the
[07:48] Israeli aviation and uncontrolled retreat
weakened the morale of the Egyptian troops.
[07:55] Instead of catching retreating Egyptians,
the IDF decided to capture 3 passes from Sinai
[08:00] to the Egyptian mainland and face the Egyptian
troops there.
[08:05] Although IDF was not able to stop all Egyptian
troops from crossing, these passes became
[08:11] a killing ground for the Egyptian troops with
10000 being killed in one day alone.
[08:17] The capture of Sinai was completed by the
fall of Sharm El-Sheikh on June 7 and Ras
[08:23] Sudar on June 8.
[08:25] On June 9 UN Security council achieved armistice
between sides.
[08:32] Israel wanted to avoid confrontation with
Jordan and Syria before defeating Egypt, but
[08:38] the offers of neutrality to Jordan were rejected,
as the Egyptian president Nasser persuaded
[08:44] King Hussain of Jordan that, Egypt had an
advantage against Israel.
[08:49] On the morning of 5 June both sides started
the fire, but Israel attempted a last grasp
[08:56] attempt to avoid confrontation with Jordan
by passing its message of request of peace
[09:01] through the UN representative Bull.
[09:04] King Hussain countered that it was too late
and the Jordanian aviation was already on
[09:09] the way.
[09:11] Jordanian and Iraqi aviation started shelling
Israeli controlled West Jerusalem, which caused
[09:18] 16, military and 20 civilian casualties, with
900 buildings damaged.
[09:24] Israel responded with its own air attack within
the Operation Focus, which damaged military
[09:29] aviation infrastructure of Jordan and secured
the Israeli air dominance.
[09:35] East Jerusalem was controlled by Jordan at
the time and the Jordanian army took position
[09:41] in the UN residency – the Government House
to fire on the Israeli sector.
[09:47] The Jerusalem Brigade's Reserve Battalion
161 of Israel took the Government house despite
[09:53] heavy losses and forced Jordanians to retreat
to Bethlehem.
[09:58] Later on that day Israel encircled Eastern
Jerusalem with the Jerusalem Brigade from
[10:03] the south, and the mechanized Harel Brigade
and 55th Paratroopers Brigade from the north.
[10:10] Fierce battle happened for the Ammunition
Hill.
[10:14] Jordanian resistance was so strong that, the
IDF lost all but two of their attacking officers
[10:19] and achieved the goal only after 4 hours.
[10:23] 55th Paratroopers Brigade afterwards drove
eastwards linked up with Mount Scopus defeated
[10:29] the other Jordanian positions around the American
Colony.
[10:34] Towards the evening of June 5, the mechanized
Harel Brigade succeeded in taking Latrun and
[10:39] Ramallah.
[10:41] Also, the 163rd Infantry Battalion secured
Abu Tor and cut the Old City from Bethlehem
[10:48] and Hebron.
[10:50] On June 7 the Israeli Minister of Defence
Moshe Dayan ordered IDF to enter Old City
[10:57] despite reservations and concerns of the Israeli
Government.
[11:02] The fighting was conducted solely by the paratroopers
out of fear of destruction of holy sites.
[11:08] IDF took control of the Old City after little
resistance.
[11:12] Judea, Hebron, Bethlehem and Nablus were also
captured by IDF on June 7.
[11:20] Remnants of the Jordanian army fell back into
Jordan.
[11:24] Israel was victorious on this front as well.
[11:30] Syria also believed the Nasser about Egypt’s
early success in the conflict and sent its
[11:35] aviation to attack Galilee.
[11:38] This attack was intercepted by the Israeli
aviation.
[11:41] A minor ground attack was also attempted by
the Syrians in attempt to capture the water
[11:47] plants at Tel Dan, Dan, and She'ar Yashuv.
[11:50] This was repulsed by IDF as well.
[11:55] Israeli air domination, lack of communication
by Syrian units, tanks being too wide for
[12:00] bridges were among the causes of unsuccessful
attack of the Syrians.
[12:06] This caused them to abandon any attempts to
make ground offensive on Israel and airstrikes
[12:11] were chosen as a method instead.
[12:14] However, on the evening of June 5 Israel stroke
Syrian airfields within the Operation Focus,
[12:20] destroying 2/3 of the Syrian airforce and
forcing the rest out of the conflict.
[12:26] The Israeli leadership was unsure whether
to attack Syria or not.
[12:31] On one hand Syria was using Golan Heights
to shell Israel, on the other hand it would
[12:37] have been a literally uphill battle against
a fortified enemy.
[12:41] But the intelligence about weakened positions
of Syria in general and in Golan Heights in
[12:47] particular led Dayan to order an offensive
on Golan without government authorization.
[12:54] The Israeli offensive started with air strikes
which severely damaged defensive infrastructure
[12:59] and morale of the Syrian Army.
[13:02] The 8th Armored Brigade, led by Colonel Albert
Mandler, advanced into the Golan Heights from
[13:08] Givat HaEm.
[13:10] Heavy fighting in unfavourable terrain led
to numerous casualties on both sides, but
[13:15] with the help of aviation IDF ultimately captured
Zaura, Qala and Ein Fit fortresses.
[13:22] In the central sector, the Israeli 181st Battalion
captured the strongholds of Dardara and Tel
[13:29] Hillal after fierce fighting.
[13:32] By the evening of June 9 Israel reached the
plateau, which allowed reinforcements to come.
[13:40] Israel had 8 brigades by dawn ready for an
assault on the second line of defenses..
[13:45] Soon the ceasefire was negotiated around the
so called Purple Line.
[13:51] By 11 June all military actions stopped.
[13:55] Up to 983 Israelis, 15000 Egyptians, 700 Jordanians
and 2500 Syrians were killed in action.
[14:07] Israel gained a huge victory.
[14:09] It seized the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula,
the West Bank of the Jordan River (including
[14:15] East Jerusalem), and the Golan Heights.
[14:18] About one million Arabs were placed under
Israel's direct control in the newly captured
[14:23] territories.
[14:25] The Israeli victory came as a result of more
efficient military leadership, better preparation
[14:31] of troops and intelligence.
[14:33] But the Six-Day war by no means was the last
conflict and merely 6 years later the confrontation
[14:40] escalated into another war.
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