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This video is sponsored by me.

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Over the decades, anti-gravity has been

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the stuff of science fiction.

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But with the recent government releases

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of videos showing UAPs doing things that

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we cannot explain, and even

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congressional meetings on the subject,

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one of the fundamental features of these

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craft, objects, or whatever they may be,

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is their seeming ability to manipulate

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gravity in a way which we simply have no

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clue about.

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Now, this may be just coming from the

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fevered imagination of AI, or just the

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latest form of disinformation or

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perception management, possibly using

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UAP stories as a cover narrative. But

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what it does do is to make us look again

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at gravity and the seemingly gaping

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holes in our knowledge of what it really

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is, and the attempts to try and make it

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work for us like other fundamental

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forces of nature, like electromagnetism.

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Almost everything so far which has been

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claimed to be a form of anti-gravity is

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just really using other known forces.

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Though there is a very interesting

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effect which, if verified, could be the

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closest we have come so far, and we'll

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look at that later.

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A plane could be said to be an

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anti-gravity machine because it can lift

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you up and away from the surface of the

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earth and the gravitational pull. But

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it's actually using the pressure

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differential of a wing traveling through

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air at speed create lift.

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A rocket does a similar thing by burning

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fuel which expands, creating thrust and

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pushing it along. With enough thrust, it

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can overcome the pull of Earth's

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gravity, but it's nothing more than a

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chemical reaction.

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And magnets can lift objects and

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vehicles so that they float above a

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surface.

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But this is just the effect of repulsive

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magnetism, like when you try and force

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two magnets together with the same poles

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on each. It's just the electromagnetic

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force.

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In the '80s and '90s, gyroscopic

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inertial thrusters were seen as

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potential sources of reactionless

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thrust.

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When seen in action, they appear to be

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able to generate lift and defy gravity.

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They use various methods of leverage

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against the support of a large flywheel

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or gyroscope. And this appears to

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generate lift when the angle of the

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gyroscope is changed, but after years of

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theoretical and laboratory testing by

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NASA and others, no thrust or

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anti-gravity forces in free space were

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found to be produced.

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Other so-called anti-gravity lifters

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using the Biefeld-Brown effect are in

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fact using the propulsive force of ion

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flow.

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By charging a very lightweight object or

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lifter, usually with a positive high

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voltage, the surrounding air is ionized.

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As the ions are attracted to the

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opposite negative electrode, usually the

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ground, they interact with the neutral

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air molecules, creating an air flow with

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enough force to levitate the lifter.

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Some claimed that the effect works in a

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vacuum and therefore must be some form

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of interaction between the electric

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field and the Earth's gravity field, and

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implying that it could be used to create

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an anti-gravity effect. When NASA tested

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it in a vacuum equivalent to that found

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in the lower Earth orbit, the effect

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disappeared, proving that it was caused

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by the propulsive force of ions pushing

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against the air.

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Gravity is one of the fundamental

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forces, and thus anti-gravity, in

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theory, would be impossible.

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It has been proposed that if another

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force could attract matter or repel it

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like a theoretical anti-gravity, then

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maybe a machine could be made to

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simulate that effect.

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One of the simplest possible loopholes

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used to be antimatter. If antimatter

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fell upwards in Earth's gravitational

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field, then it would have been a real

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form of repulsive gravity

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and a major crack in our current

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theories.

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But in 2023, CERN's Alpha G experiment

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directly measured [clears throat] the

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motion of antihydrogen and found that,

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within the limits of the experiment,

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antimatter falls downward like normal

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matter. That does not explain why the

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universe contains so little antimatter,

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but it does make the most obvious form

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of anti-gravity much less likely.

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So, what about gravity shielding,

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similar to a Faraday shield for radio

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waves? Electromagnetic fields are easy

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to shield because they have both

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positive and negative charges. By

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arranging these charges in a conductor,

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like the Faraday shield, you can cancel

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out an external field.

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To see if any material does have an

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effect on the weak equivalence

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principle, this has now been tested to

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an extraordinary level of precision. The

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weak equivalence principle, or WEP, aka

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the universality of free fall, states

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that all uncharged, structureless test

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particles fall with the same

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acceleration in a gravitational field,

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regardless of their mass or composition.

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This is very similar to the hammer and

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feather test that the Apollo astronauts

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did on the moon to see if in a vacuum

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they both fall at the same rate.

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Universal attraction, according to WEP,

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says that all mass energy acts as a

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single type of gravitational charge.

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Because there is no known negative mass,

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you cannot create a configuration of

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matter that cancels out the gravity of,

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say, a nearby object, like another

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planet, by adding more matter. The only

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thing it does is it just increases the

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total gravitational pull.

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From 2016 to 2018, the Microscope

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satellite compared how different

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materials fall in Earth orbit and found

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no violation of the WEP down to one part

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in a quadrillion, or one with 15 zeros

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after it.

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If ordinary materials could block or

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alter gravity in any simple way, that

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was the kind of experiment where the

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difference might have started to show

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up.

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Now, this episode's sponsor is me.

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I've mentioned occasionally that I'm a

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bit of a synth head, and I've been into

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electronic music since I was 12, way

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back in 1974.

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That was the year that Tangerine Dream

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released Phaedra. Kraftwerk released

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Autobahn, and Isao Tomita released

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Snowflakes are Dancing, three landmark

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electronic albums from pioneering

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artists that had a huge influence on me.

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But it was Tomita's work that really

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fascinated me. Over nine albums from

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1974 to '84, he took classical works by

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composers like Debussy, Mussorgsky,

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Stravinsky, Holst, and many others, and

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recreated them electronically using

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synthesizers such as the Moog modular.

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Now, this was similar in concept to

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Wendy Carlos' Switched-On Bach, but

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Tomita's music was more colorful,

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surreal, and flamboyant.

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Back then, I knew almost nothing about

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classical music, and the sounds Tomita

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created were completely new to me and

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everyone else.

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That combination of classical

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composition and the strange, beautiful,

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otherworldly electronic sound was

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utterly fascinating.

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It followed the original scores, but

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somehow sounded like nothing else.

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Since 1998, on and off, I've been making

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electronic music inspired by that same

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approach.

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I'm not covering the same pieces Tomita

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did, but reworking other works by some

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of those composers using a mixture of

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hardware and software synthesizers.

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Last year, I finally had an album's

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worth of material that I felt was good

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enough to release.

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This is what I'm promoting today.

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As I've [music] been speaking, you've

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been hearing snippets of the music from

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the album.

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This is made very much in the spirit of

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Tomita, classical pieces reimagined

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through synthesis with dark, bright,

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strange, colorful [music] sounds and a

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deliberately electronic character.

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So, if you're a fan of Tomita-styled

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music, or you're into the more eclectic

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electronic music, you can hear the whole

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thing for free on my Bandcamp page,

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paulshelitommusic.bandcamp.com.

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If you enjoy it, you can purchase the

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album or individual tracks for the price

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of a coffee or two.

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It helps support the channel, and it

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also helps keep this slightly unusual

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corner

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of electronic music alive.

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In scientific papers published between

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1991 and '93, American scientist Ning Li

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claimed that anti-gravity effects could

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be achieved if the ions in a

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Bose-Einstein

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condensate, that's a state of matter

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where all the atoms in it can act like

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one, could be trapped into a

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high-temperature superconducting disk

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with a time-varying magnetic field. A

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huge amount of energy could be stored in

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its lattice structure in this way.

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As each ion would spin rapidly, it would

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create a tiny gravitational field.

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However, because all the ions in the

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Bose-Einstein condensate would be

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aligned, the effect would be magnified

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by the billions of ions in the disk.

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The theory is that this would create a

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gravity-like field that could either

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increase or decrease the effect of

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gravity, which Ning Li called AC gravity

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because it could be attractive or

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repulsive in nature.

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She said that the experiments in the lab

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had created a beam-like effect above the

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disk, which affected matter for some

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distance and this backed up her

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theories.

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Even though it had created a lot of

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interest at the time, in 1997 she

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published another paper saying that

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using new measurements with a more

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sensitive gravimeter had shown the

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effect to be either very small or

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non-existent. In 2000 Ning Li left the

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University of Alabama and set up her own

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company, AC Gravity LLC. And in 2001 she

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was awarded a grant worth just under

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$450,000

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from the Department of Defense to

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investigate it further.

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Since then she has all but disappeared

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and nothing more has been heard about

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her research but the company, AC Gravity

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LLC, apparently was still in business.

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Ning Li died in 2021

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and as of now there is still no public,

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independently repeated demonstrations of

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her AC Gravity idea. So her work remains

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one of the more intriguing anti-gravity

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claims to come from the 1990s and early

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2000s but it is not a confirmed

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technology.

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Experiments carried out by Evgeny

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Podkletnov in the early 1990s using

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rotating superconducting disks in a

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00:11:08,839 --> 00:11:14,280
magnetic field claimed to decrease the

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00:11:11,360 --> 00:11:17,120
effect of gravity by about 2% on objects

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00:11:14,279 --> 00:11:19,879
placed above the disk and again it

280
00:11:17,120 --> 00:11:22,080
appeared to act like a beam above the

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00:11:19,879 --> 00:11:24,480
disk for a considerable distance.

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However, these results had not been able

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00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:28,519
to be verified by other scientists. He

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00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:30,519
claimed that the other researchers had

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00:11:28,519 --> 00:11:32,279
not used the same setup and that's the

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00:11:30,519 --> 00:11:33,679
reason why they could not reproduce the

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00:11:32,279 --> 00:11:35,720
same results.

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00:11:33,679 --> 00:11:38,039
And when NASA was about to complete the

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00:11:35,720 --> 00:11:39,839
experiments they ran out of funding and

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00:11:38,039 --> 00:11:42,120
the research was taken over by the

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00:11:39,839 --> 00:11:44,680
Department of Defense and he was shut

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00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:47,320
out of any further research in the US

293
00:11:44,679 --> 00:11:49,679
because of his Russian citizenship.

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00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:51,680
This and Ning Li's work is said to have

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00:11:49,679 --> 00:11:54,399
prompted Boeing to investigate the

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00:11:51,679 --> 00:11:57,239
effect of rotating superconductors with

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00:11:54,399 --> 00:11:59,600
Project GRASP, Gravity Research for

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00:11:57,240 --> 00:12:01,919
Advanced Space Propulsion.

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00:11:59,600 --> 00:12:03,920
With potential uses including space

300
00:12:01,919 --> 00:12:06,719
launches, artificial gravity on

301
00:12:03,919 --> 00:12:09,439
spacecraft, aircraft propulsion and

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00:12:06,720 --> 00:12:11,120
fuel-less electricity generation.

303
00:12:09,440 --> 00:12:13,360
Although others have pointed out that if

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00:12:11,120 --> 00:12:15,879
the effect could be proven and directed

305
00:12:13,360 --> 00:12:18,839
into a beam, it would be able to be

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00:12:15,879 --> 00:12:21,639
weaponized creating steerable artificial

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00:12:18,839 --> 00:12:23,560
gravity forces to destabilize missiles,

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00:12:21,639 --> 00:12:25,039
planes and satellites.

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00:12:23,559 --> 00:12:27,719
Since the information was released,

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00:12:25,039 --> 00:12:29,919
Boeing has backtracked and said it was

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00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:32,600
offered the proposal but chose not to

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00:12:29,919 --> 00:12:35,360
fund it with company money but refused

313
00:12:32,600 --> 00:12:37,480
to comment if this was a black project

314
00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:39,279
on the company books.

315
00:12:37,480 --> 00:12:41,560
This is also where the story starts to

316
00:12:39,279 --> 00:12:44,120
overlap with the more controversial

317
00:12:41,559 --> 00:12:46,000
subject of classified aerospace work and

318
00:12:44,120 --> 00:12:48,480
UAP claims.

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00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:50,879
To keep the known science separate from

320
00:12:48,480 --> 00:12:52,879
speculation, there is no public evidence

321
00:12:50,879 --> 00:12:55,439
that Boeing, NASA, the Department of

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00:12:52,879 --> 00:12:57,600
Defense or any private contractor has

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00:12:55,440 --> 00:12:59,120
demonstrated working anti-gravity

324
00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:01,320
propulsion.

325
00:12:59,120 --> 00:13:04,240
What does exist are historical

326
00:13:01,320 --> 00:13:07,000
proposals, rumors and claims around

327
00:13:04,240 --> 00:13:09,480
black projects, some of which use the

328
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:12,480
same language of superconductors, field

329
00:13:09,480 --> 00:13:14,279
propulsion, gravity beams or inertial

330
00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:16,399
mass reduction.

331
00:13:14,279 --> 00:13:18,919
These and others are based on the idea

332
00:13:16,399 --> 00:13:20,679
of gravit electromagnetism which looks

333
00:13:18,919 --> 00:13:23,120
at the analogies between Maxwell's

334
00:13:20,679 --> 00:13:26,000
equations for electromagnetism and

335
00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:27,519
Einstein's equations of relativistic

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00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:29,440
gravitation.

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00:13:27,519 --> 00:13:31,559
Basically the premise is that just as a

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00:13:29,440 --> 00:13:34,360
spinning electron creates a magnetic

339
00:13:31,559 --> 00:13:37,119
field, then a massive spinning object

340
00:13:34,360 --> 00:13:39,560
like the Earth will create drag on

341
00:13:37,120 --> 00:13:42,879
space-time, a bit like when you spin a

342
00:13:39,559 --> 00:13:45,079
ball in a viscous fluid like oil.

343
00:13:42,879 --> 00:13:47,519
Although this drag was predicted nearly

344
00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:50,280
a hundred years ago, Einstein called it

345
00:13:47,519 --> 00:13:52,480
frame dragging, it's taken the best part

346
00:13:50,279 --> 00:13:55,000
of a century to prove if it actually

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00:13:52,480 --> 00:13:57,519
existed with several independent

348
00:13:55,000 --> 00:14:00,000
satellite missions which did indeed

349
00:13:57,519 --> 00:14:02,480
measure a small but noticeable dragging

350
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:04,919
effect. This is important because our

351
00:14:02,480 --> 00:14:07,960
current theories of gravity are that

352
00:14:04,919 --> 00:14:10,919
mass curves the otherwise flat

353
00:14:07,960 --> 00:14:13,320
space-time and this deformation of

354
00:14:10,919 --> 00:14:15,439
space-time is gravity.

355
00:14:13,320 --> 00:14:17,560
This is shown quite well with the weight

356
00:14:15,440 --> 00:14:20,160
in a rubber sheet experiment that

357
00:14:17,559 --> 00:14:21,719
represents the Sun and pulls the sheet

358
00:14:20,159 --> 00:14:24,480
down in the center.

359
00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:26,519
A ball rolling in a straight direction

360
00:14:24,480 --> 00:14:28,200
follows the curve. This is like the

361
00:14:26,519 --> 00:14:30,399
Earth which is traveling in a straight

362
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:33,160
line but is caught in the curve of

363
00:14:30,399 --> 00:14:35,120
space-time created by the Sun's mass and

364
00:14:33,159 --> 00:14:38,000
so long as the Earth's speed is

365
00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:40,360
constant, it orbits the Sun.

366
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:42,799
If the frame dragging effect is real,

367
00:14:40,360 --> 00:14:45,279
then it is affecting gravity and a

368
00:14:42,799 --> 00:14:48,159
moving object near a massive rotating

369
00:14:45,279 --> 00:14:51,000
object would experience acceleration not

370
00:14:48,159 --> 00:14:53,120
predicted by Newtonian laws.

371
00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:56,000
It's been suggested that this effect

372
00:14:53,120 --> 00:14:58,159
might be behind the massive jets of gas

373
00:14:56,000 --> 00:15:01,519
that are ejected from quasars and

374
00:14:58,159 --> 00:15:03,639
galactic nuclei. Rotating supermassive

375
00:15:01,519 --> 00:15:05,958
black holes at the centers of galaxies

376
00:15:03,639 --> 00:15:07,720
would also create enormous frame

377
00:15:05,958 --> 00:15:09,078
dragging effects.

378
00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:12,360
This is where the spinning

379
00:15:09,078 --> 00:15:14,759
superconducting disks in Ning Li's and

380
00:15:12,360 --> 00:15:17,560
the GRASP experiments come in

381
00:15:14,759 --> 00:15:20,039
to simulate this frame dragging and the

382
00:15:17,559 --> 00:15:22,759
gravitational warping effect but on a

383
00:15:20,039 --> 00:15:25,120
very much smaller scale.

384
00:15:22,759 --> 00:15:28,480
But the elephant in the room is that we

385
00:15:25,120 --> 00:15:31,560
still don't know what gravity really is.

386
00:15:28,480 --> 00:15:34,360
Yes, we have Newton and Einstein's laws

387
00:15:31,559 --> 00:15:36,759
which predict with amazing accuracy the

388
00:15:34,360 --> 00:15:39,839
effects of gravity but these theories

389
00:15:36,759 --> 00:15:43,120
don't tell us how gravity works or what

390
00:15:39,839 --> 00:15:46,079
the mechanism is that makes mass bend

391
00:15:43,120 --> 00:15:48,639
space-time. All we know is that gravity

392
00:15:46,078 --> 00:15:50,319
is a consequence of mass and the greater

393
00:15:48,639 --> 00:15:51,720
the mass, the greater the bending of

394
00:15:50,320 --> 00:15:53,160
space-time and hence the greater

395
00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:55,399
gravity.

396
00:15:53,159 --> 00:15:57,679
Although gravity works over huge

397
00:15:55,399 --> 00:15:59,519
distances on the grand scale of planets,

398
00:15:57,679 --> 00:16:01,679
stars and galaxies,

399
00:15:59,519 --> 00:16:03,958
we don't know how it really works on the

400
00:16:01,679 --> 00:16:06,599
very small things at the distances of

401
00:16:03,958 --> 00:16:09,319
atomic scale because its effect is then

402
00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:12,480
so weak and difficult to measure.

403
00:16:09,320 --> 00:16:15,240
Conversely, we don't know how it works

404
00:16:12,480 --> 00:16:17,039
where gravity is incredibly strong such

405
00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:18,560
as in a black hole.

406
00:16:17,039 --> 00:16:21,439
There are many theories as to how

407
00:16:18,559 --> 00:16:23,239
gravity actually works but none of which

408
00:16:21,440 --> 00:16:24,959
have been proven.

409
00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:27,919
In quantum mechanics, there is a

410
00:16:24,958 --> 00:16:30,599
prediction that a force-carrying

411
00:16:27,919 --> 00:16:33,199
particle called a graviton might exist

412
00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:34,879
even though there has been no proof

413
00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:37,280
found of their existence.

414
00:16:34,879 --> 00:16:39,958
But as all the other three fundamental

415
00:16:37,279 --> 00:16:42,159
forces, strong nuclear force, the weak

416
00:16:39,958 --> 00:16:45,078
nuclear force and the electromagnetic

417
00:16:42,159 --> 00:16:47,360
force have at least one force carrier,

418
00:16:45,078 --> 00:16:51,359
it's believed there must be one for

419
00:16:47,360 --> 00:16:52,839
gravity, too, if gravity is a true

420
00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:55,200
force.

421
00:16:52,839 --> 00:16:57,480
Another route is quantum gravity. There

422
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:59,959
are now serious proposals for small

423
00:16:57,480 --> 00:17:02,159
laboratory experiments that try to test

424
00:16:59,958 --> 00:17:04,759
whether gravity can create quantum

425
00:17:02,159 --> 00:17:06,759
entanglement between tiny masses.

426
00:17:04,759 --> 00:17:09,359
If that is shown, it would suggest that

427
00:17:06,759 --> 00:17:11,759
gravity has quantum properties. But

428
00:17:09,359 --> 00:17:14,599
again, this would not be a gravity

429
00:17:11,759 --> 00:17:16,920
control device. It would just be a clue

430
00:17:14,599 --> 00:17:19,119
about what gravity really is at the

431
00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:21,600
smallest scales.

432
00:17:19,119 --> 00:17:24,639
Gravity appears to have virtually no

433
00:17:21,599 --> 00:17:28,000
interaction with any other forces and

434
00:17:24,640 --> 00:17:30,720
works on any form of matter, even ones

435
00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:33,519
which we can't currently detect, namely

436
00:17:30,720 --> 00:17:36,360
the still unknown dark matter.

437
00:17:33,519 --> 00:17:39,759
There is also no known way to shield

438
00:17:36,359 --> 00:17:41,559
against it because it bends space-time

439
00:17:39,759 --> 00:17:43,839
which is the underlying fabric of the

440
00:17:41,559 --> 00:17:45,000
universe and as such it's not really a

441
00:17:43,839 --> 00:17:47,159
force.

442
00:17:45,000 --> 00:17:49,000
We can only feel the effects of it when

443
00:17:47,160 --> 00:17:51,279
we are stopped from moving like when

444
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:53,720
we're standing on the ground but being

445
00:17:51,279 --> 00:17:54,519
pulled by the mass of the Earth below

446
00:17:53,720 --> 00:17:56,759
us.

447
00:17:54,519 --> 00:17:58,679
If we were free falling in space

448
00:17:56,759 --> 00:18:00,400
just above the Earth, we would feel

449
00:17:58,679 --> 00:18:02,880
nothing at all.

450
00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:06,080
True anti-gravity would need something

451
00:18:02,880 --> 00:18:09,520
deeper, negative mass, negative energy,

452
00:18:06,079 --> 00:18:12,759
a new force or some way to manipulate

453
00:18:09,519 --> 00:18:14,359
the geometry of space-time itself.

454
00:18:12,759 --> 00:18:16,079
Then there are the observations of the

455
00:18:14,359 --> 00:18:18,279
physical universe that show that the

456
00:18:16,079 --> 00:18:20,119
rate of expansion from the Big Bang is

457
00:18:18,279 --> 00:18:22,079
speeding up instead of the expected

458
00:18:20,119 --> 00:18:23,319
slowing down under the effect of

459
00:18:22,079 --> 00:18:25,599
gravity.

460
00:18:23,319 --> 00:18:27,839
So either we have a major problem with

461
00:18:25,599 --> 00:18:29,719
our theories of gravity or there is

462
00:18:27,839 --> 00:18:32,359
something else out there that is

463
00:18:29,720 --> 00:18:35,039
providing a yet unknown force which is

464
00:18:32,359 --> 00:18:37,678
overpowering gravity and pushing the

465
00:18:35,039 --> 00:18:40,759
universe apart in all directions which

466
00:18:37,679 --> 00:18:43,240
we currently call dark energy.

467
00:18:40,759 --> 00:18:46,000
And like dark matter, we cannot detect

468
00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:48,679
it directly but only see the effect it

469
00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:50,159
has a bit like gravity itself.

470
00:18:48,679 --> 00:18:53,159
Dark energy is still one of the

471
00:18:50,159 --> 00:18:56,280
strangest parts of the story. It behaves

472
00:18:53,159 --> 00:18:58,520
on the largest scales like a repulsive

473
00:18:56,279 --> 00:19:00,599
effect causing the expansion of the

474
00:18:58,519 --> 00:19:02,400
universe to accelerate

475
00:19:00,599 --> 00:19:05,519
but it's not something that we know how

476
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:06,759
to collect, focus or switch on inside a

477
00:19:05,519 --> 00:19:08,400
machine.

478
00:19:06,759 --> 00:19:11,158
If dark energy is a kind of

479
00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:13,320
anti-gravity, then it is a cosmic one

480
00:19:11,159 --> 00:19:16,320
and not an engineering tool.

481
00:19:13,319 --> 00:19:18,519
So given all this, is true anti-gravity

482
00:19:16,319 --> 00:19:20,960
or some form of gravity control a

483
00:19:18,519 --> 00:19:23,000
realistic proposition? We still don't

484
00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:25,600
know if anything has really come from

485
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:27,799
the research by Ning Li and Project

486
00:19:25,599 --> 00:19:29,719
GRASP. It's been rather quiet on that

487
00:19:27,799 --> 00:19:31,480
front in recent years.

488
00:19:29,720 --> 00:19:33,240
A source at NASA said that the science

489
00:19:31,480 --> 00:19:35,240
appeared to be sound but the difficulty

490
00:19:33,240 --> 00:19:37,480
was in scaling it up.

491
00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:39,039
At some point in the future when we have

492
00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,720
a much better understanding of what

493
00:19:39,039 --> 00:19:43,759
gravity really is and how it really

494
00:19:40,720 --> 00:19:46,679
works, we might find a way to manipulate

495
00:19:43,759 --> 00:19:49,119
it as we want but unless a new

496
00:19:46,679 --> 00:19:51,759
breakthrough is announced, it appears to

497
00:19:49,119 --> 00:19:53,799
be in the realm of science fiction. As

498
00:19:51,759 --> 00:19:56,319
it stands, antimatter does not fall

499
00:19:53,799 --> 00:19:58,440
upwards. Simple gravity shielding looks

500
00:19:56,319 --> 00:20:00,399
like it's even less likely, and the old

501
00:19:58,440 --> 00:20:01,960
superconducting claims remain

502
00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:03,920
unverified.

503
00:20:01,960 --> 00:20:05,920
But some theories, namely warp drive

504
00:20:03,920 --> 00:20:08,240
mathematics, negative energy, quantum

505
00:20:05,920 --> 00:20:11,640
gravity, modified gravity, and dark

506
00:20:08,240 --> 00:20:13,640
energy all show that gravity is not yet

507
00:20:11,640 --> 00:20:16,160
a finished subject.

508
00:20:13,640 --> 00:20:17,920
But the gap between our theories and our

509
00:20:16,160 --> 00:20:20,640
understanding of the real-world

510
00:20:17,920 --> 00:20:24,480
engineering that will be required,

511
00:20:20,640 --> 00:20:25,720
however, is still enormous.

512
00:20:24,480 --> 00:20:27,759
So, if you enjoyed the video, then

513
00:20:25,720 --> 00:20:28,839
please thumbs up, share, and subscribe.

514
00:20:27,759 --> 00:20:33,039
And a big thank you goes to all our

515
00:20:28,839 --> 00:20:33,039
patrons for their ongoing support.