WEBVTT

00:00:06.080 --> 00:00:10.640
Of all the so-called barbarians the 
Romans did battle with over the centuries,

00:00:11.199 --> 00:00:16.399
none have made as lasting an impact on the 
history of Europe as the Germanic peoples.

00:00:17.199 --> 00:00:23.280
They terrorized the Empire for centuries, 
before conquering its Western half in 476AD,

00:00:24.559 --> 00:00:30.960
arguably ending the era of Antiquity, and 
ushering in the middle ages. In this video,

00:00:30.960 --> 00:00:36.480
we will shine the spotlight on them, exploring 
their culture and society, while telling the

00:00:36.479 --> 00:00:42.239
history of the earliest origins of the Ancient 
Germanic peoples, the greatest enemy of Rome.

00:00:42.880 --> 00:00:48.960
Shoutout to Netflix and its new historical TV 
Series Barbarians for sponsoring this video.

00:00:48.960 --> 00:00:54.240
Barbarians is a brand-new TV series set in the 
Antiquity with a backdrop of the famous battle

00:00:54.240 --> 00:01:00.079
of Teutoburg forest in which the legions of the 
Roman empire led by Publius Quinctilius Varus

00:01:00.079 --> 00:01:05.280
are ambushed by the alliance of the Germanic 
tribes led by the former Roman auxilia Arminius.

00:01:05.840 --> 00:01:10.719
This dramatization of the events of 9 AD 
is everything history fans were asking for,

00:01:10.719 --> 00:01:16.239
for years, with awesome production quality, 
attention to detail, historicity and great actors.

00:01:16.239 --> 00:01:22.399
The characters speak Latin and German only, making 
the show truly atmospheric. We have been clamoring

00:01:22.400 --> 00:01:28.160
for historical movies and tv shows to return to 
our screens and Netflix is giving us just that,

00:01:28.159 --> 00:01:32.560
so we would be watching this great show even 
without being sponsored. Streaming it is the best

00:01:32.560 --> 00:01:38.640
way to show how much we as a historical community 
care about seeing more historical dramas made.

00:01:38.640 --> 00:01:43.200
So, stream it on Netflix if you are subscribed 
or subscribe to stream it if you are not!

00:01:44.239 --> 00:01:50.159
So, who were the ancient Germanic peoples? 
In short, they were a collection of iron-age

00:01:50.159 --> 00:01:56.319
tribes that lived in the rugged forests west 
and north of the Rhine and Danube rivers

00:01:56.319 --> 00:02:02.479
during mid to late antiquity, best known for 
their long and complicated relationship with

00:02:02.480 --> 00:02:08.319
the Roman Empire, with whom they traded, 
integrated with, and most importantly, made

00:02:08.319 --> 00:02:14.959
war on. Broadly speaking, they are ancestrally 
related to many peoples in Europe today,

00:02:14.960 --> 00:02:21.120
including the Dutch, Swiss, Austrians, Flemish, 
Swedes, Norwegians, Danes and of course,

00:02:21.120 --> 00:02:26.240
the modern Germans - all of whom are 
speakers of modern Germanic dialects.

00:02:27.120 --> 00:02:34.719
In 98AD, the historian Tacitus completed a 
book titled De Origine et situ Germanorum,

00:02:34.719 --> 00:02:40.479
more commonly known as Germania, a Roman 
survey of the history and culture of their

00:02:40.479 --> 00:02:46.719
Germanic foes. This tome provides us with the 
most valuable window into Germanic culture,

00:02:46.719 --> 00:02:53.439
and will be referred to throughout this video. 
Let us begin with a quote: “Undivided Germany

00:02:53.439 --> 00:02:58.800
is separated from the Gauls, Rhaetians and 
Pannonians by the rivers Rhine and Danube,

00:02:58.800 --> 00:03:04.640
from the Sarmatians and Dacians by mutual fear 
of mountains, and the rest of it is surrounded

00:03:04.639 --> 00:03:10.959
by ocean. As for the Germans themselves, I should 
suppose them to be native to the area … who would

00:03:10.960 --> 00:03:17.439
have left Asia or Africa or Italy to look for 
Germany? With its wild scenery and harsh climate,

00:03:17.439 --> 00:03:21.840
it is pleasant neither to live in nor 
look upon unless it be ones' home.”

00:03:22.879 --> 00:03:29.359
As condescending as his account is, Tacitus 
was not entirely incorrect. By his time,

00:03:29.360 --> 00:03:34.320
the various Germanic tribes had been living in 
their traditional territories for at least a

00:03:34.319 --> 00:03:41.039
millenia or two. However, their true origins are a 
little more complex than the chronicler suggests,

00:03:41.039 --> 00:03:46.879
and the key to understanding it lies in 
linguistics. The Germanic languages are

00:03:46.879 --> 00:03:52.000
part of the Indo-European linguistic 
family, and therefore share a common

00:03:52.000 --> 00:03:57.199
ancestor with almost all the languages of 
Europe, Northern India and Western Asia.

00:03:58.080 --> 00:04:05.200
As of now, the leading is the Kurgan Hypothesis, 
which postulates that the Proto-Indo-European

00:04:05.199 --> 00:04:11.919
language was spoken by a nomadic Europid people 
who inhabited the Pontic Steppe from at least

00:04:11.919 --> 00:04:19.279
the 6th millennium BC. Known titularly as the 
Kurgan People, or alternatively the Yamnaya,

00:04:19.279 --> 00:04:24.719
they were hardy seasonal livestock herders, 
and were probably among the first humans to

00:04:24.720 --> 00:04:29.840
domesticate the wild horse- first as 
food, and later, as transportation.

00:04:30.720 --> 00:04:37.600
Around the 4th millennium BC, these pastoralists 
are said to have utilized the advantage given to

00:04:37.600 --> 00:04:44.400
them by their four-legged friends to expand out of 
their steppe homeland, and across a huge swathe of

00:04:44.399 --> 00:04:50.159
the Eurasian landmass, displacing or intermixing 
with the indigenous peoples already living there.

00:04:51.040 --> 00:04:57.280
Over many centuries, the Proto-Indo-European 
tongue spoken by these various branches of

00:04:57.279 --> 00:05:04.079
Yamnaya migrants gave rise to the early versions 
of Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and of course, German.

00:05:04.959 --> 00:05:10.639
Proto-Germanic languages and cultures were 
said to have emerged as a distinct branch of

00:05:10.639 --> 00:05:16.240
Indo-European during the bronze age, contained 
to the northern coast of modern Germany,

00:05:16.240 --> 00:05:19.680
the Jutland peninsula, and 
the southern tip of Sweden.

00:05:20.560 --> 00:05:25.040
In the late iron-age, they expanded 
from the Rhine to the Vistula rivers,

00:05:25.040 --> 00:05:30.319
bordering the Celtic peoples to the west, and 
the Scytho-Sarmatian horse lords to the east.

00:05:31.519 --> 00:05:38.959
Early Germanic society was predominantly rural. 
Unlike their Proto-Indo-European ancestors, they

00:05:38.959 --> 00:05:46.079
mostly lived sedentary lives in small to mid sized 
villages. The economy of these villages revolved

00:05:46.079 --> 00:05:52.879
mainly around the rearing of goats, sheep and 
cattle, and the cultivation of grain. Ample lush

00:05:52.879 --> 00:05:58.159
wilderness meant that hunting and foraging played 
a significant role in their lifestyle as well.

00:05:59.199 --> 00:06:05.599
They were never a single nation, and instead a 
spectrum of many independent tribes with similar

00:06:05.600 --> 00:06:12.080
but differing cultures and languages. Among 
these were larger confederations, like the Suebi,

00:06:12.079 --> 00:06:17.919
Marcomanni, and Alemanni, and the political 
map of ancient Germania was ever-shifting

00:06:17.920 --> 00:06:23.199
as independent factions splintered out of 
larger tribes, larger tribes swallowed up

00:06:23.199 --> 00:06:28.240
smaller tribes, and loosely organized 
alliances came together and fell apart.

00:06:29.120 --> 00:06:34.240
As one can imagine, these factions 
were all highly martial in nature.

00:06:34.240 --> 00:06:39.360
Tacitus claimed that while Kingship in 
Germania was determined by bloodline,

00:06:39.360 --> 00:06:43.759
it was the subordinate war-leaders, 
who were the real power in their tribe.

00:06:44.399 --> 00:06:50.239
In turn, the war-leaders only remained in power 
as long they could continue to deliver victories

00:06:50.240 --> 00:06:55.439
for their people, and were promptly ousted 
if they showed cowardice or incompetence.

00:06:56.480 --> 00:07:00.160
Let us now expand upon what this 
warrior culture looked like.

00:07:01.120 --> 00:07:07.600
Unlike the chariot-riders of Gaul to their west, 
and the mounted archers of Sarmatia to the east,

00:07:07.600 --> 00:07:14.080
the Ancient Germanic peoples possessed little 
to no cavalry, as horses were a symbol of luxury

00:07:14.079 --> 00:07:20.560
reserved for Kings and nobles. As such, Germanic 
armies were made predominantly of infantry.

00:07:21.360 --> 00:07:27.439
Quality metal was a luxury, so iron panoply 
was reserved for tribal leaders and their

00:07:27.439 --> 00:07:33.759
inner circle. The common warrior was usually 
clad only in linen or leather, and naked

00:07:33.759 --> 00:07:40.159
from the waist up. They wielded javelins, 
lances and short spears called “frameae”,

00:07:40.160 --> 00:07:46.800
which required comparatively less iron to forge. 
They protected themselves with long, oval or

00:07:46.800 --> 00:07:53.680
rectangular shields in which was embedded a hard 
iron shield-boss, which could be used to bash

00:07:53.680 --> 00:07:59.920
the enemy to deal blunt-force damage. However, 
what the Germanic peoples lacked in equipment,

00:07:59.920 --> 00:08:07.120
they made up with ferocious and fearless fighting. 
Tacitus’ remarked on their stigma of spinelessness

00:08:07.120 --> 00:08:12.160
with grim commentary: “traitors 
and deserters are hung from trees.

00:08:12.160 --> 00:08:17.840
Cowards and poor fighters are plunged in the mud 
of the marshes with a hurdle over their heads.”

00:08:19.120 --> 00:08:24.800
Despite the bellicose nature of the Germanic 
peoples, there were avenues for non-violent

00:08:24.800 --> 00:08:30.400
diplomacy among them. The most prominent 
of these were great inter-tribal gatherings

00:08:30.399 --> 00:08:36.799
known as hustings, or simply as the “thing”. 
According to Tacitus, these assemblies would

00:08:36.799 --> 00:08:43.279
take place only when the moon was neither new 
nor full. The summoned tribes would arrive

00:08:43.279 --> 00:08:49.519
and once there, they would take their seats while 
girded with their weapons. Kings and Chiefs would

00:08:49.519 --> 00:08:55.679
speak one by one, in order of importance 
based on age, birthright and battles won.

00:08:56.720 --> 00:09:03.120
As the leaders made various proposals, the crowd 
would groan loudly if they disapproved, and clash

00:09:03.120 --> 00:09:09.279
their spears enthusiastically if they approved. 
It was through gatherings like these that issues

00:09:09.279 --> 00:09:15.120
of land rights and resource distribution were 
settled, and political alliances were created

00:09:15.120 --> 00:09:21.759
among tribes. Tacitus also mentions the role 
of priests during these gatherings, who acted

00:09:21.759 --> 00:09:28.319
as powerful mediators between tribes, with the 
authority to “force obedience” to keep the peace.

00:09:29.039 --> 00:09:35.919
Let us use this as a segway to discuss the nature 
and role of religion in early Germanic society.

00:09:35.919 --> 00:09:42.159
By far the best known variant of Germanic 
Paganism lies in the mythology of the Viking age,

00:09:42.159 --> 00:09:48.000
which was adhered to by the Norsemen in the early 
medieval era even as the rest of their Germanic

00:09:48.000 --> 00:09:54.639
cousins eventually adopted Latin Christianity. 
However, we should not assume that Norse Paganism

00:09:54.639 --> 00:10:01.120
was the exact same as the rites practiced by 
their ancestral relatives of antiquity, after all,

00:10:01.120 --> 00:10:08.320
they were separated by over 700 years. With that 
said, anyone familiar with the Viking Pantheon

00:10:08.320 --> 00:10:13.920
would certainly find some familiar faces among 
the Gods of the Suebi, Alemanni, and Marcomanni.

00:10:14.799 --> 00:10:21.279
On the subject of Germanic faith, Tacitus 
had this to say: “Of the Gods, they worship

00:10:21.279 --> 00:10:27.039
Mercury the most, to whom on certain days they 
count even the sacrifice of human life lawful.

00:10:27.759 --> 00:10:34.799
Hercules and Mars they appease with animal life as 
is permissible.” The deities the Roman historian

00:10:34.799 --> 00:10:40.879
mentions are distinctly Olympian in nature, 
but Tacitus was actually drawing parallels

00:10:40.879 --> 00:10:48.320
between native Germanic Gods, and the Greco-Roman 
Pantheon. “Mercury” in this case was Wodanaz- an

00:10:48.320 --> 00:10:54.800
early form of Odin, thus associated as both 
he and Mercury were messengers for the gods,

00:10:54.799 --> 00:11:01.199
and guides between the mortal world and the 
afterlife. “Hercules” was probably Donar, who

00:11:01.200 --> 00:11:07.759
like the ancient Greek hero was a great warrior, 
adventurer and beast slayer. His mighty hammer

00:11:07.759 --> 00:11:14.319
was associated with Hercules’ club. As one might 
have guessed, Donar was an early form of Thor.

00:11:15.360 --> 00:11:21.519
Meanwhile, “Mars” was equated to Tyr. A 
minor deity by the time of the Viking age,

00:11:21.519 --> 00:11:25.600
but a highly important patron of 
war and wisdom during antiquity.

00:11:26.559 --> 00:11:31.679
Although Tacitus compared him to the Roman 
God of war, he was most likely derived from

00:11:31.679 --> 00:11:38.479
the Proto-Indo-European Dieus, the same God from 
which the Greek Zeus and Roman Jupiter evolved

00:11:38.480 --> 00:11:45.279
from. So while it is easy to dismiss Tacitus’ 
rebranding of Germanic Gods into Roman ones,

00:11:45.279 --> 00:11:50.639
they were actually more interconnected than 
most realize. Not referenced by Tacitus,

00:11:50.639 --> 00:11:56.879
but found in the archeological records are other 
aspects of Germanic mythology, including the

00:11:56.879 --> 00:12:03.279
proto-versions of the goddess of love, beauty, 
fertility Freyja and Yggdrasil, the world tree.

00:12:04.480 --> 00:12:09.200
We know very little about how the Germanic 
peoples carried out their religious rites,

00:12:09.200 --> 00:12:15.440
but according to Tacitus, human sacrifice appears 
to have been practiced. Ancient bodies found in

00:12:15.440 --> 00:12:21.760
the bogs of Northern Germany show evidence of 
ritual slaughter. Tacitus also claimed that

00:12:21.759 --> 00:12:26.960
Germanic priests read divinations based on 
the flight patterns of birds, the casting of

00:12:26.960 --> 00:12:33.759
runes written on tree bark, and the behaviour of 
sacred white horses, “never soiled by mortal use”.

00:12:34.639 --> 00:12:40.799
Meanwhile, two golden horns found in Southern 
Denmark, feature engravings of dancing warriors

00:12:40.799 --> 00:12:47.599
adorned in horned helmets. This likely depicts 
some form of a seasonal cycle, where ceremonies

00:12:47.600 --> 00:12:51.840
were held according to the transition 
between spring, summer, autumn and winter.

00:12:52.879 --> 00:12:58.480
It is here that we will delve into the Germanic 
peoples’ interactions with the Roman world,

00:12:58.480 --> 00:13:05.440
a multi-layered, centuries long relationship that 
would, in time, come to define the fate of both

00:13:05.440 --> 00:13:13.120
cultures. For centuries, it was the Celtic peoples 
that stood as a buffer between Germania and Rome,

00:13:13.120 --> 00:13:19.840
but by the late 2nd century BC, the long struggle 
between the Gallic Tribes and the growing Republic

00:13:20.399 --> 00:13:22.879
had begun to turn to the latter’s favour.

00:13:23.679 --> 00:13:30.239
By 118BC, the Romans had managed to subdue 
a portion of Southern Gaul into the province

00:13:30.240 --> 00:13:36.080
of Gallia Narbonensis, and made the Celtic 
federation of Noricum into their client state.

00:13:36.960 --> 00:13:44.960
As the Latins creeped north, so too did the 
Germans begin marching south. Around 120BC,

00:13:44.960 --> 00:13:50.639
either crippling floods or freezing in the 
southern Jutland peninsula compelled the Cimbri

00:13:50.639 --> 00:13:57.439
and Teutones tribes to begin a mass migration, 
sending 200,000 warriors along with their families

00:13:57.440 --> 00:14:03.840
barrelling into Noricum. Thus, the Roman and 
Germanic worlds met for the first time, and

00:14:03.840 --> 00:14:10.399
was almost immediately defined by bloodshed. We 
have covered the Cimbrian war in a previous video,

00:14:10.399 --> 00:14:16.720
so we won't go into detail here. In summary, 
the Romans were able to win a pyrrhic victory,

00:14:16.720 --> 00:14:23.840
at the cost of tens of thousands of lives, and a 
wakeup call to the true ferocity of their new foe.

00:14:24.720 --> 00:14:30.399
The next major clash between these two 
civilizations began sometime in the 60sBC,

00:14:31.039 --> 00:14:37.679
when one King Ariovistus of the Suebi crossed 
into eastern Gaul with an army of 15,000 warriors.

00:14:38.320 --> 00:14:43.280
Originally there to help the Celtic 
Sequani tribe fight their Aedui rivals,

00:14:43.279 --> 00:14:49.120
the Suebian leader became enamoured with the 
fertile lands he had arrived in, turning on his

00:14:49.120 --> 00:14:56.320
Gallic allies and seizing their realm for himself. 
Meanwhile, Roman governor Gaius Julius Caesar

00:14:56.320 --> 00:15:02.960
was at the height of his ambition. Hot off the 
tails of subduing the migrating Helvetii tribe,

00:15:02.960 --> 00:15:08.240
he turned his attention to Ariovistus. 
While the Germanic King was originally

00:15:08.240 --> 00:15:15.600
labeled a friend of Rome, both he and Caesar 
lusted for the spoils of war and in 58BC,

00:15:15.600 --> 00:15:22.159
they clashed at the Battle of Vosges in a struggle 
for dominance over Eastern Gaul. Caesar won a

00:15:22.159 --> 00:15:29.360
decisive victory and continued the conquest of 
Gaul culminating at the Siege of Alesia in 52BC.

00:15:30.480 --> 00:15:34.560
With this, the Roman border was 
moved right up to the Rhine river.

00:15:35.279 --> 00:15:41.600
All of a sudden, the tribes of Germania looked 
westward and saw not a squabbling Gallic tribes,

00:15:41.600 --> 00:15:47.680
but the strongest army in the ancient world, 
professional and unyielding. The death of the

00:15:47.679 --> 00:15:54.159
Republic and birth of the Principate coincided 
with a new era in Roman-Germanic relations.

00:15:55.039 --> 00:16:01.439
When the first Emperor Augustus came to power, he 
extended Rome’s territory up to the Danube river.

00:16:02.080 --> 00:16:07.920
Thus, a direct frontier between Rome and Germania 
was established along the key rivers of the Rhine

00:16:07.919 --> 00:16:12.879
and Danube, a frontier that would remain 
more or less deadlocked for the centuries.

00:16:13.919 --> 00:16:21.360
In the following years, back and forth struggle 
continued. In 16BC, the Emperors’ stepsons

00:16:21.360 --> 00:16:28.320
Tiberius and Drusus launched an invasion into the 
Alps east of the Rhine, subduing many tribes. The

00:16:28.320 --> 00:16:34.480
Germanic peoples never gave up an inch of land 
without a fight, and that same year, the Tencteri,

00:16:34.480 --> 00:16:40.879
Usipetes and Sugambri inflicted a crushing defeat 
upon the Fifth Legion “Gallia” on the banks of the

00:16:40.879 --> 00:16:47.919
lower Rhine. Tiberius pushed back, and according 
to Roman sources, had managed to subdue the whole

00:16:47.919 --> 00:16:55.839
of Germania into an obedient province by 6BC. 
This would last a grand total of 15 years,

00:16:55.840 --> 00:17:02.080
before the Cherusci prince Arminius pulled off 
a devastating ambush on three Roman Legions led

00:17:02.080 --> 00:17:10.319
by Publius Quinctillus Varus at Teutoburg Forest 
in 9AD. So absolutely crushing was this defeat,

00:17:10.319 --> 00:17:16.559
that many historians consider it the worst 
military disaster in Roman history. Following

00:17:16.559 --> 00:17:22.720
this, Rome retreated from Germania, and gave 
up on ever trying to directly rule the region.

00:17:23.599 --> 00:17:30.480
The reason Arminius was able to defeat the Empire 
was in part due to his background. Born as the son

00:17:30.480 --> 00:17:36.960
of a Germanic Chieftain, he had been sent to Rome 
as a hostage and served in the Imperial military,

00:17:36.960 --> 00:17:41.120
learning all there was to know about 
Roman tactics and military doctrine.

00:17:41.839 --> 00:17:47.359
While Arminius would eventually return to his 
roots and become Rome’s principal nightmare,

00:17:47.359 --> 00:17:52.479
he was one of many Germanic peoples who had 
spent their life cooperating with the Empire.

00:17:53.200 --> 00:17:59.840
His life was a testament to the fact that as much 
as the Romano-Germanic story was defined by war,

00:18:00.400 --> 00:18:05.280
so too was it defined by diplomacy, 
trade, and cultural integration.

00:18:06.240 --> 00:18:11.440
The principal means by which Rome maintained 
diplomacy with their war-like neighbours

00:18:11.440 --> 00:18:18.480
was a policy of divide and control. As we covered 
earlier, the Germanic peoples were locked in

00:18:18.480 --> 00:18:24.240
inter-tribal struggles and as a result, 
the Romans were often able to use hostages,

00:18:24.240 --> 00:18:30.880
bribes and alliances with specific tribes to keep 
the spears of Germania pointed at each other,

00:18:30.880 --> 00:18:37.840
rather than at Rome. Many Germanic peoples soon 
realized that doing business with Rome was far

00:18:37.839 --> 00:18:44.720
more profitable than making war on them. Between 
the 1st and 3rd centuries AD, trade between the

00:18:44.720 --> 00:18:50.480
two cultures boomed, concentrated at border 
forts along the Rhine and Danube frontier.

00:18:51.519 --> 00:18:56.720
Thousands upon thousands of Roman artifacts 
have been found across Germany Denmark,

00:18:56.720 --> 00:19:01.600
Sweden and Eastern Europe, including 
Campanian pottery, bronze vessels,

00:19:01.599 --> 00:19:09.039
and dining ware of silver and glass. In turn, the 
ancient Germans dealt in animal hides and furs,

00:19:09.039 --> 00:19:15.839
but their most valuable products lay in amber 
and slaves - usually captives from rival tribes.

00:19:16.799 --> 00:19:22.159
For decades, relative stability prevailed 
along the Rhine and Danube frontiers,

00:19:22.160 --> 00:19:26.880
and although both Rome and the Germanic 
peoples would occasionally challenge one

00:19:26.880 --> 00:19:33.040
another, no major wars were fought 
between them. This changed in 166AD,

00:19:34.079 --> 00:19:40.079
when a massive confederation of tribes, led 
by the Marcomanni attempted a mass southwards

00:19:40.079 --> 00:19:46.879
migration into the Roman Empire. Naturally, 
Emperor Marcus Aurelius could not allow this,

00:19:46.880 --> 00:19:53.760
and as a result, spent 14 years fighting in the 
brutal slugfest that was the Marcomannic wars.

00:19:54.720 --> 00:20:01.039
Once more, Rome prevailed, but there was something 
they had not considered: what could have prompted

00:20:01.039 --> 00:20:06.480
such a massive confederation of people to 
uproot themselves to leave their homeland in

00:20:06.480 --> 00:20:11.839
the first place? Today, most historians 
agree that they were being pushed out,

00:20:11.839 --> 00:20:17.199
assailed from the east by a mysterious foe 
they feared more than they feared Rome.

00:20:18.000 --> 00:20:24.319
Indeed, as the 2nd century transitioned into 
the third, new confederations were forming in

00:20:24.319 --> 00:20:30.240
the heartland of Germania. Stronger, larger, 
and fiercer than any who had come before them.

00:20:30.880 --> 00:20:37.120
They would set in motion the next chapter in the 
struggle between the Roman and Germanic worlds,

00:20:37.119 --> 00:20:43.279
bringing the Empire to its knees, and reshaping 
the entire history of Europe in the process.

00:20:44.079 --> 00:20:49.039
Join us next time, as we continue our 
history of the Ancient Germanic peoples

00:20:49.039 --> 00:20:54.799
by covering the rise of the great conquerors: 
the Goths, and the Franks. Make sure you are

00:20:54.799 --> 00:21:00.079
subscribed to our channel and have pressed the 
bell button. Please, consider liking, commenting,

00:21:00.079 --> 00:21:05.759
and sharing - it helps immensely. Our videos 
would be impossible without our kind patrons

00:21:05.759 --> 00:21:10.879
and youtube channel members, whose ranks you 
can join via the links in the description to

00:21:10.880 --> 00:21:15.520
know our schedule, get early access 
to our videos, access our discord,

00:21:15.519 --> 00:21:22.400
and much more. This is the Kings and Generals 
channel, and we will catch you on the next one.