- [Narrator] This video was made possible by Honey.
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Good morning, Honey.
What's for breakfast?
The usual.
Two caskets of rum, a mug of hard cider,
and a full bottle of wine.
Oh boy.
Oh, I'm running late.
I'll have to take it with me.
Don't forget your lunch.
It's a six-pack of beer, a flask of whiskey,
six shots of tequila, and as a special treat, a banana.
Ah gee whiz, I'm gonna be smashed today.
Enjoy your day of operating sharp, dangerous farm equipment.
I can't believe this is an acceptable way to live.
God bless America.
Okay, gotta go.
(loud crash)
I love my life!
(animated music)
America, the land of beautiful strip malls,
top class infrastructure, and wonderful urban sprawl.
Ah, yes, beautiful America.
But what's the most American thing you can think of?
The Statue of Liberty, Mount Rushmore,
a crazy lady in a mobility scooter yelling at a pigeon?
Well, what if I told you the answer is alcohol?
That's right.
When the Puritans arrived on America's shores,
they brought a ship packed with beer.
George Washington provided his men
with a daily cup of whiskey.
Andrew Jackson's inauguration party
left the White House so trashed
that everybody had to be ordered outside.
Frederick Douglass said whiskey
made him feel like a president.
Me too, Frederick, me too.
Americans drink at breakfast.
Doctors prescribe their patients hard liquor.
In the 19th century, Americans drink three times
as much as their modern-day counterparts.
That's a lot of whiskey.
Hey Jerry, how's that report coming along?
Already done, sir.
I've also organized your paperwork, watered your flowers,
and been a father figure to your children.
Wait a minute.
(sniffs) What's that smell?
Have you been drinking at work?
No sir, I would never.
Well, why not?!
Everyone else is doing it.
But I got all my work done!
You're fired!
(glass shattering)
(people cheering)
Americans drink at work.
They drink at barn raisings, baptisms, and public hangings.
Heavy drinking was so normal
that it was as American as apple pie.
Hi everyone, my name is Ron and I'm an alcoholic.
Get over yourself, Ron.
We're all alcoholics.
But more and more Americans began to wonder
whether all of this truly was a normal way to live.
Were Americans drinking perhaps a little too much?
Well, one group in particular
thought the answer to that was yes.
You know 'em.
You love 'em.
Women.
(men laughing)
Oh, crap, women!
Run!
(crowd yelling)
Hang on!
We just want to talk.
Women talking in public?
That's outrageous.
Come on, Fred, you've got two kids and a wife at home,
yet here you are spending your entire paycheck on booze.
And you, Dr. Spanky,
you run the cusp of discovering time travel,
but what did you discover instead?
The sweet, sweet joys of whiskey.
That's right, alcohol.
It's destroying our families, our jobs, and our homes.
She's right, she's right.
Hang on, men.
Don't let them get to you.
This saloon is our safe space where our wives and children
can't annoy us with reality where we're free to be real men.
He's right, he's right, I am a man.
And what is it real men do?
Take care of their families.
I don't know what she's talking about.
Do you take care of your family?
No.
We drink beer, we shoot guns, and we mud wrestle!
(men cheering)
As America's heavy drinking ruined more and more lives,
moral resistance began to arise
and women were at the forefront
taking matters into their own hands
at a time when women doing just about anything was shocking.
They'd had enough of being victim
to their husbands' heavy drinking
and they were gonna do something unprecedented.
You're going to what?
I'm going to protest.
(laughs)
(coughs)
Oh sweetie, women can't protest.
(crowd yelling)
Starting in Ohio before spreading nationwide,
women began a crusade against alcohol.
They marched through towns and cities,
singing hymns, gathering outside saloons,
and praying on their knees.
Women praying was so terrifying
that in some towns schools were shut and business stagnated.
On one occasion, firemen were called out
to hose down the dangerous praying women.
On another, the owner of a beer garden
reportedly hold a cannon outside
and threatened to reduce the savage women to dust.
Nevertheless, they persisted.
They formed the WCTU in 1874 and they organized.
They set up homes for inebriate women.
They installed water fountains in public parks.
They wrote textbooks for schoolchildren
that contained some interesting claims
about drinking alcohol.
Here's little Timmy.
Uh-oh, looks like Timmy's gonna have his first drink.
He's taking a small sip of whiskey
and Timmy has spontaneously combusted.
The end.
The women's efforts weren't in vain.
In small towns across America,
drugstores agreed to stop fulfilling
prescriptions for alcohol.
Men committed themselves to giving up drink.
Inspired by the women's moral fervor,
some saloon owners closed their doors.
The women's crusade and other temperance movements
were forcing people to reconsider alcohol's role in society,
and more people began to side
with the growing temperance movement.
Many states had even begun enacting
their own dry laws that restricted
the sale and use of alcohol.
One of them was Kansas
where alcohol had been outlawed since 1881.
Despite this, many illegal saloons remained open
and authorities had done just about nothing to stop them.
One woman, disgusted by what she saw,
decided she would take the law into her own hands,
and not just any woman, a terrifying hatchet-wielding,
sweet old lady named Carrie Nation.
Armed with her trustee hatchet
and a bag of what she called smashers,
she traveled from town to town visiting saloons,
but she wasn't there to get smashed,
she was there to smash.
The men could do nothing but cower
as sweet little Carrie hulked out
and tore the place to shreds.
She went to Kiowa and smashy smashed,
Wichita, smashy smashed,
to Piqua, smashy smashed.
On a couple of occasions, she was arrested,
but each time they were like,
okay, Carrie, we're gonna let you go
so long as you promise to be a good girl
and not smash up any more saloons, okay?
Screw you pig! (spits)
Yeah, I think she's gonna be all right.
Smash, smash, smash.
Carrie's tactics shocked the other members
of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union,
but she assured them, and this is a quote,
"Ladies, you do not know how much joy you will have
"until you smash, smash, smash."
Carrie became a household name
and she hoped her unusual tactics
would spread across the country,
but unfortunately,
many of the women's movements eventually slowed down.
Why?
Well, because of this kinda thing.
Thelma!
I ripped my pants again.
Ugh, well, you'll have to sew them yourself
because I'm going out protesting.
What?!
I don't know how to sew.
What if I burn the house down and get eaten by alligators?
What?
Don't be stupid, Mitch!
Look, I've gotta go.
Call me stupid?
She's the one who's stupid.
(glass shattering)
(loud explosion)
Hey Thelma!
Look who's stupid now?
See, while the women were out protesting,
there was nobody to do the cooking and cleaning
and being seen and not heard,
and they gradually had to return to their duties at home.
But where the women had got the ball rolling,
a new movement was about to take that ball
all the way to Washington, DC.
I'm talking about the Anti-Saloon League.
The Anti-Saloon League was a political pressure group
run by a very sweet-looking old man.
But don't let that deceive you.
This guy was an evil genius.
While the women's movements
were interested in a whole range of issues,
Wayne Wheeler and the Anti-Saloon League
only cared about enemy number one, Mr. Al Cohol,
and as a result, they were extremely effective.
They were able to exploit the fears of the American people.
And I mean everyone's fears.
Here's how they did it.
Hello, sir, welcome to the Liberal Progressive rally.
Why don't you introduce yourself?
Well, I'm Paddy and I'm an immigrant from Ireland.
And tell me, Paddy, do you drink?
Oh yes, I drink a lot.
See folks?
People like Paddy come here looking for a better life
only to end up drunk in the gutter.
Don't worry, sir, we're gonna help you.
(people applauding)
Hey man, you're doing great.
I just need you for one more thing.
Hey Christian Conservatives, this is Paddy.
He's a dirty Catholic Irish immigrant
who's come to destroy America
with his alcohol-fueled debauchery.
(people cheering)
Workers were told alcohol was a capitalist ploy
to keep them subjugated.
Factory owners were told
alcohol was making their irresponsible workers lazy.
The Black community was warned
alcohol was hindering its progress
while racists were warned alcohol
would turn Black men into brutes.
In one of the most confusing eras of American politics,
totally opposing groups found themselves agreeing
on at least one thing, alcohol was bad.
The Anti-Saloon League also made great use of propaganda,
something prohibitionists had been doing for decades.
Take this specimen, for example,
that warns what will happen to you if you start drinking.
Let's see, first you take a drink,
you get a little rowdy,
okay, you make some new friends.
Nice.
Then you become homeless.
You turn to crime.
And but, uh-oh.
But the most effective tactic
Wheeler used to force prohibition on America
was pressure politics.
In any election he could,
Wheeler very successfully rounded support
against any politician who was in favor of alcohol.
In Ohio alone, he had 70 state representatives
and the popular Republican governor ousted from office
and replaced with prohibitionists.
Suddenly every politician in America
was afraid of Wayne Wheeler.
Even those who enjoyed alcohol in private
began pretending to be against it in public.
Alcohol is delicious.
I mean malicious.
Sorry Wayne.
I'm really drunk right now.
Then it really hit the fan in 1917 when America found itself
fighting in the First World War against Germany.
Anti-German sentiment exploded.
Sauerkraut became Liberty Cabbage.
German measles became Liberty measles.
And dachshunds became the embodiment of evil.
See America?
You've always been this way.
The biggest brewers in America were German,
and Wheeler saw to it that drinking alcohol
became akin to pro-German treason.
The German brewers desperately tried to fight back,
creating their own propaganda,
presenting beer as a healthy beverage,
one that you could even give to your kids.
As you can imagine, it didn't go down well.
President Wilson instituted some temporary
wartime prohibition measures to save grain for food.
And with many in the country now in support of prohibition,
all that was left was to make it law.
One problem was that taxes on alcohol made up nearly 40%
of the US government's annual revenue,
and the government wasn't just about to give that up.
No problem.
The Anti-Saloon League helped lobby for the creation
of a new income tax on the American people.
And just like that,
the government was no longer reliant on alcohol.
Prohibition was finally introduced to Congress in 1913,
not just as a law but a constitutional amendment.
In 1917 as the House held their final vote
on the prohibition amendment,
Wheeler was watching from the gallery.
You spineless cowards.
I know half of you drink
yet here you are bowing down to Ned Flanders up there.
Look at him like he's some kind of Caesar.
Ugh, don't be so dramatic.
I obviously don't think I'm Caesar.
Now release the lions.
(lion roaring)
In the end, prohibition passed the House easily,
282 votes to 128.
And the states ratified the new amendment by 1919.
America, a nation obsessed with liberty and freedom,
had just voluntarily given up its private right
to choose Whether or not to drink alcohol.
We did it, folks! (crowd cheering)
We fixed everything.
America will be perfect forever.
But you just dissolved America's fifth largest industry
and lost tens of thousands of jobs for us immigrants.
No, you idiot.
You don't get it.
We helped you, idiot.
Ugh, I could really go for a beer.
Oh no!
Immediately after prohibition went into effect,
alcohol consumption in America
decreased as Americans followed the law
and tried not drinking.
Man, if we're gonna be law-abiding good boys,
we need something else to fill the dark lonely void
that delicious beer once did.
Well, how about we crack open a nice cold can of water?
Hell, yeah, toss it over.
Nah, this isn't doing it for me.
Let's try knitting.
This isn't filling the dark void at all.
Wanna play some kites?
Ah, screw it.
Let's go get some illegal beer.
While it seemed like many Americans supported prohibition,
after the law went into effect,
it seemed like just as many Americans
intended to keep on drinking
and they would go on to find a variety of ways
to break the new law.
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Now where were we?
Oh yeah, punching Paddy,
passing prohibition, and procuring pints.
Pretty soon after the new law went into effect,
the failures of prohibition
were already beginning to rear their ugly heads.
For starters, the details of the new prohibition law
written by none other than Wayne Wheeler himself
turned out to be more draconian than expected.
Many prohibition supporters
only wanted to outlaw hard liquor
and hoped beer would remain legal,
but the Volstead Act outlawed anything over .5%.
That would make Liberty Cabbage illegal.
Secondly, the new law was full of loopholes
that Americans very quickly began to exploit.
For example, while the sale
and manufacturer of liquor was illegal,
drinking it wasn't.
And you could also keep any alcohol you had
before the law went into effect.
So many private clubs hoarded huge amounts of alcohol
that saw them through the entire prohibition period.
Whiskey intended for medicinal purposes was also allowed
and doctors basically became bartenders.
It looked as though a full-on epidemic had broken out
as there was a sudden surge in prescriptions for whiskey.
Sacramental wines used by churches and synagogues
were also permitted.
Orders for communion wine suspiciously skyrocketed
by millions of gallons.
And as rabbis had access to religious wine,
suddenly everyone was becoming a rabbi.
You had Rabbi Pat O'Leary, Rabbi LL Cool J, Rabbi Fluffy.
But don't worry.
I'm sure all these definitely legitimate religious figures
couldn't possibly be selling wine
in the back alley after mass.
Yep, definitely nothing strange going on here.
New products also hit the shelves in stores,
such as Vine-Glo, a brick of dehydrated grape juice,
itself not alcoholic and therefore perfectly legal,
but the packaging did contain a strangely specific warning.
After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water,
do not place the liquid in a jug
in the cupboard for 20 days,
because then it would turn into a wine.
I'll take a thousand.
Yes, sir.
Now at this point, I want you to think back for me,
if you will, to the year 2005.
You're the coolest kid around
and you convince your parents to rent
the greatest movie of all time from your local Blockbuster.
But the movie starts with a strange message,
something about not downloading a car.
You immediately disregard that and hop on Kazaa
to download the greatest song of all time,
and in the process drain your dad's bank account
with copious amounts of ransomware.
You were breaking the law, you bad boy or girl.
But did anyone come to arrest you?
No.
That's my point.
If no one is enforcing a law while everyone's breaking it,
is it really a law?
And so it was with prohibition.
See, the conservative-led governments of the decade
were also the kind of people
who believed in small government spending.
So they passed a law
that would be extremely difficult to enforce
but also didn't wanna spend
any of the money required to enforce it.
The newly created Bureau of Prohibition
only had 1500 agents to cover the entire country.
That's one agent for every 70,666 Americans
in a massive country with 12,000 miles of coastline
and one gigantic land border with Canada.
Good luck schmuckos.
And all these clever little loopholes
people were using to score legal booze
were only just the beginning.
America was about to devolve
into alcohol-fueled criminal chaos.
By outlawing it,
prohibition had made alcohol a precious commodity.
And millions of Americans would become outlaws
as they found a variety of ways to score illegal booze.
For example, many Americans began making their own liquor.
Illegal stills for making moonshine
were found by prohibition agents
from the hills of Kentucky and the caves of Arizona
to parking lots in major cities and even in the homes
of prohibition-supporting politicians.
Oh come on now, fellas, I voted for prohibition.
I'm not gonna have an illegal still.
What's this?
That's my son Freddie.
Say hi, Freddy.
Sir, this is obviously an illegal still.
How dare you?
Hey, what's this in the bathtub?
That's bath water.
Why does it taste like alcohol?
Here's a better question.
Why are you tasting my bath water, weirdo?
Come on, Freddy.
Let's get away from these perverts.
To discourage moonshining,
the government began adding extra toxins
to many of the products moonshiners were using
which resulted in many cases of severe illness and death.
But alcohol wasn't just being made at home.
Along America's vast coastlines,
rumrunners smuggled alcohol into the country by sea.
A floating supermarket known as Rum Row
extended along the East Coast
just beyond America's maritime limit.
And bootleggers frequently sailed out in small boats
to pick up shipments of booze.
These bootleggers could then be found
selling their illegal products everywhere
even in the halls of Congress.
Wow, pop, one day, I wanna work here.
Well, son, if you work hard and never give up,
one day even you could be a massive hypocrite.
Even President Harding was known to serve his cabinet
bootlegged whiskey.
And some bootleggers were so successful,
they became bazillionaires such as Roy Olmsted,
an ex-cop who became one of the biggest employers
in the Seattle area from smuggling booze.
Unfortunately, all of his whiskey came from Canada.
Yuck.
All of this criminality was being made possible
by copious amounts of corruption.
Across the country, armies of government officials
were persuaded to turn a blind eye.
Bootleggers became so rich
it was no problem to stuff a couple thousand dollars
into the front pocket of the police chief
or the mayor or their disapproving mother.
And some cops were getting
almost as rich as the bootleggers.
All right, men, everyone gather in.
I've received word that one of you
has been taking bribes from bootleggers.
Any ideas who?
Kevin perhaps, got any thoughts?
No, sir.
Many police officers
came from the same communities that drank a lot
and they weren't about to arrest their own granddads
for knocking back some homemade gin.
But all this isn't to say
there was no enforcement.
Plenty of government officials
were doing their best to enforce the new laws.
And some unlucky individuals
received very harsh penalties
such as a Michigan mother who is sentenced to life in prison
for small-scale moonshining.
Cases like these were widely reported in the media
and only served to make prohibition even more unpopular.
But not just that,
the media also loved to cover the exploits
of the most famous bootleggers,
turning them into national icons.
One of the biggest bootleggers
was a man named George Remus.
Originally a lawyer,
he watched as his bootlegger clients
paid off enormous fines like it was nothing
and proclaimed bootlegging is the business for me!
But unlike most bootleggers, Remus had big brain
and he came up with a pretty clever system.
See, there were millions of gallons of liquor
produced before prohibition
that were sitting in distillery warehouses.
And it could only be sold
with government permission to drug companies.
So Remus set up his own drug company
and bought all the liquor,
then he set up his own transport company
to transport the liquor,
and then he would send his own men out with guns
to intercept his own transport vehicles,
and this would happen.
Hey man, this is a stick-up.
Oh no, please don't hurt me.
I won't hesitate to shoot.
Please, I have a wife and kids.
Handover all the whiskey, fatty.
Hey, fatty isn't in the script, you jerk! (sobs)
After stealing all the whiskey from himself,
he could then sell it for big bucks.
The perfect crime.
Unfortunately, Remus was eventually caught
by a goody two-shoes prohibition director in Indiana
who wouldn't take Remus's bribes.
And the government found Remus guilty
of violating the Volstead Act 3,000 times.
For two years as Remus sat in prison,
his wife promised to take care of all of his money,
and by take care of his money,
she meant having an affair with a prohibition agent,
sell off everything Remus owned, and file for divorce.
When Remus finally got out
and found his big fancy mansion empty with his wife gone,
he reportedly broke out in tears.
A few months later, during the divorce trial,
he spotted his wife in a car in Cincinnati.
Remus hopped in a cab and asked the driver
to run her off the road.
The driver was like, okay.
Then Remus got out of the cab and shot his wife dead.
He immediately handed himself into the police.
And his next trial, this time for murder,
became a national sensation.
Remus defended himself, claiming insanity,
occasionally carrying out skillful questioning,
occasionally crying in the corner.
But the nation felt bad for him.
His wife had screwed him over.
And so when after just 19 minutes of deliberation,
the jury returned and declared him not guilty.
The court erupted into celebration.
And just to remind you,
this guy bluntly admitted to murdering his wife.
The American justice system.
As alcohol poured into the nation,
a lot of it was going
to a new type of drinking establishment
that had been booming in popularity,
a secret drinking establishment.
So secret that from the outside,
they often looked like ordinary shops or homes,
so secret that you usually needed a password to get in,
so secret that everybody knew about them, speakeasies.
And once you were in, the party went all night long.
Scantily clad flappers, snake ladies, jazz.
It was a roaring time to be alive.
Some publications even posted reviews of these illegal clubs
and bribes galore kept the party going.
It seemed like half the police officers
and federal agents in cities like New York
were receiving kickbacks from speakeasy owners.
Hey, what the Kevin Costner is going on here?
Officer O'Hannity, taking bribes, why am I not surprised?
Prohibition director Simmons?
For shame.
Mom?
What would dad say?
Ask him yourself.
Dad would say quit being such a wet blanket
and let daddy earn his tips.
Anytime a speakeasy was shut down by authorities,
it seemed like three more would just pop up elsewhere.
And some neighborhoods were so full of them
that one resident began hanging a sign
to try to keep party-goers
from constantly knocking on her door.
It really seemed like the new laws regarding alcohol
in some places were simply being ignored.
And one prohibition agent who traveled the country
liked to see which city was the most defiant
by timing how long it took for him
to be offered a beer after he arrived.
His winner?
New Orleans where a cab driver offered him a drink
after just 35 seconds.
Bravo!
Many voices in Congress were already speaking out
against prohibition and its failures.
To display how ridiculous the whole thing was,
one Republican congressmen gathered the media
to all come and watch him drink a homemade beer.
When he asked a passing police officer
if he'd like to arrest him,
the officer said no.
Hey Wayne, is all this what you had in mind?
I thought we were gonna make the country better
but it almost seems like it's worse.
What do you mean?
Alcohol consumption is down.
Well, that may be true in your small town world,
but it says here drinking in some areas is up
as are arrests for public intoxication,
drunk driving, and incidents of liver cirrhosis.
The general chaos has turned America
into a nation of criminals with no respect for the law.
And all these attempts at enforcement
are just costing the economy valuable money
and eating up judicial time and resources.
Release the lions.
(lion roaring)
The social change and corruption
that Wheeler and the Anti-Saloon League
had been so eager to prevent,
in the cities at least, was surging.
See, when something is legal,
you can usually regulate and control it,
but make that thing illegal
and often anything becomes fair game.
Legal drinking age, gone.
Mandatory closing hours for clubs and bars, gone.
Other unspoken sociocultural rules surrounding alcohol,
gone, gone, gone.
In speakeasies, different genders and ethnicities
were beginning to mingle in a way they hadn't done before.
The roaring 20s saw a monumental shift
in culture, not least of all,
because now men and women could flirt in public
without being damned for eternity.
An outraged Wayne Wheeler did his best to make sure
that anyone breaking the law was punished.
He had even stricter legislation put in place in New York.
But all this did was clogged up the justice system
with petty drinking violations,
and judges began letting everyone off with like fines
so the judges could get back to dealing with things
that actually mattered,
things like murder,
and there was plenty of murder,
because bootleggers and moonshiners were one thing,
but prohibition had given another kind of criminal
an opportunity to make a fortune,
mobsters and gangsters.
Hey Fat Tony, big news.
Hey Fat Joey, what's up?
I just got word from Fat Louis here
that the government is outlawing alcohol.
You know what that means?
That means we're gonna be rich.
Quick, call Fat Paulie
and let's go hijack a liquor truck now.
All right.
Hang on, let me tell my wife first.
Hey Fat Susan, no pizza for Fat Joey tonight, capeesh?
Stopped calling me Fat Susan.
Oh yeah, forget about it.
Rival gangs began to battle in American cities,
raiding each other's transports, assassinating rivals,
and trying to take control
of their city's illicit booze trade.
Every city had its top dog.
Detroit had The Purple Gang,
New England had Charles King Solomon,
but no city was as infamous
for gang violence and murder as Chicago.
The city had multiple gang factions,
and at first, they agreed to stay
in their own neighborhoods,
but the thing about criminals is that they're criminals,
and the agreements inevitably broke down.
One day the leader of the Italian South Side Gang
was walking along the street when this happened.
(machine guns firing)
And he was like, "You know, I think I'm done with this,"
and left for New York,
leaving his crime empire to his chief enforcer,
none other than Al Capone.
Having been knifed in the face in his younger years,
Capone earned himself the name Scarface.
Although interestingly, he hated that nickname
and preferred to be called Snorky.
Snorky was ruthless
just like any other gang leader in America,
but what set him apart from others,
the reason he's become synonymous
with 1920's gang warfare is this.
Most other gang leaders would try to keep a low profile
because they're killing and murdering and stuff,
but Capone lived for the fame
and kept an extremely high public profile,
frequently speaking with the media about his exploits
and presenting himself as a gracious host,
providing Chicago with good times.
No need to thank me fellows.
I just provide the city with a valuable commodity
while doing away with the competition.
You mean you murder people?
Whoa, who said anything about murder?
I just forced my rivals underground.
When you do the thing with the hands,
it seems like you're talking about murder.
Whoa, look at you with the brains.
No, no, I just help people retire from life.
So murder?
Whoa!
Al Snorky Capone was somewhat of an enigma,
brutal in how he dealt with enemies,
but in front of the camera he was all smiles.
One day he'd be ordering hit after hit,
the next, he'd be signing autographs in Wrigley Field.
One day he'd be bludgeoning members of his own gang
with a baseball bat for conspiring against him,
the next, he'd be playing Santa
at a nearby parochial school.
And no murder could ever be traced back to him.
Just like every other criminal,
he stuffed the pockets of city officials
with cold hard cash,
and any who did try to oppose him sometimes found themselves
being thrown down the steps of city hall in broad daylight.
Problem solved.
The public couldn't get enough of Capone.
He quickly became a household name
as people romanticized the gang life he lived,
and this became a source of concern
for the people at the very top.
President Hoover.
What is it now, Miles?
I'm busy.
Well, it's just that there's a lot of crime, sir.
Crime.
How long has that been happening?
Well, since the dawn of man, sir.
What?
Would you like me to blame it on the Democrats again?
No, Miles, I want you to blame it on squirrels.
Yes, the Democrats!
Now stop wasting my time.
Since having a crime lord controlling public officials
and winning the hearts of the people
probably wasn't a good thing,
Hoover personally ordered that something be done
about this Capone fellow.
But before he knew it,
President Hoover was also dealing
with another major problem.
You know 'em, you love 'em.
Women.
The prohibition era had been going on for nearly a decade,
and anyone with a brain could see
that it really wasn't going very well.
One person with a brain was Pauline Sabin,
an extremely influential and rich woman
who served on the Republican National Committee,
fund-raised for Republican presidents,
and had a secret wine room in her giant mansion.
She initially supported prohibition
but was now disgusted at the chaos it had created.
And she began a new women's movement,
this time not for prohibition, but against it.
Being the extremely influential woman she was,
her new organization gained
nearly 1.5 million members within two years,
five times that of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
She hated that the WCTU claimed to speak for all women
and she began calling for the repeal of the 18th Amendment.
President Hoover, I helped fund your campaign
and now I want you to end prohibition.
Miles, what is it I say when I'm not gonna do anything?
You'll look into it, sir.
Oh yeah, that's right.
Pauline, I'll look into it.
Sabin gave speeches on the steps of Congress
and helped started growing push
among the American people against prohibition.
But Hoover, a prohibitionist himself, wasn't budging.
Then on the 14th of February 1929,
something happened that shocked the nation.
Men thought to be working for Al Capone
tricked some Irish mobsters into meeting them
at a garage in Chicago,
thinking they were there to purchase hijacked whiskey,
instead the mobsters were lined up against the wall
by men dressed as police and they were shot.
The Valentine's Day Massacre had people outraged.
It was cruel and almost felt like American mobsters
had finally crossed the line.
People were sick of the violence,
and in part they blamed prohibition
for helping to create it.
The pressure on Hoover to do something
was steadily increasing.
Fine.
Miles, I want you to put a report together
to see if this whole thing is working.
You mean the thing where mobsters
are becoming increasingly powerful
and massacring each other in the streets
and everyone is disregarding the law
and half our public officials
are corrupt and taking bribes?
That thing?
Yeah, I wanna know if it's working or not, Miles.
Stop wasting my time.
Hoover continued to drag his feet on prohibition,
but after the Valentine's Day Massacre,
he was still determined to do one thing.
He wanted Al Capone in prison.
Since Capone had been so careful,
the FBI were having a hard time charging him with anything,
but eventually they got him.
Capone, we know you're supplying Chicago with alcohol
and you've been involved in countless murders.
Whoa, look at you with the crazy talk.
I ain't done none of that stuff.
But you're rich, right?
You're damn right I am.
And so where'd all the money come from, Capone?
All right, I'll let you in on a little secret,
but you gotta promise not to tell anyone, okay?
I don't pay my taxes.
Whoa!
For all of his murdering,
the IRS finally got Capone on tax evasion.
At his trial, he didn't seem too concern though
and spent most of his time having a laugh with his lawyers.
Hey Capone, I gotta know,
why are you so confident you're gonna win here?
Well, your honor, because I'm an honest man with a big heart
who's passionate about working for the good of the people
and also because I threatened the entire jury's families.
Luckily at the last minute,
the judge replaced the entire jury pool with a new one
that Capone's men hadn't yet got to,
and Capone was found guilty.
He was sentenced to 11 years in federal prison,
the harshest penalty ever given to a tax evader.
But even with Capone locked away,
the violence in Chicago and other cities continued,
and in response, the movement against prohibition
continued to grow.
And the final nail in prohibition's coffin came in 1929.
After a decade of booming economic growth
under three Republican presidents,
the stock market plummeted
and America was thrown into the grips
of the Great Depression.
It was an awful time.
One out of every five workers,
15 million people, would lose their jobs.
Half the nation's banks failed.
Temporary shantytowns were built
for the broke and homeless in public parks.
Suddenly very few people had time to care about prohibition.
Expensive enforcement of an unenforceable law
didn't seem like that big of a priority
when people were having their homes repossessed
and losing their life savings.
And many began to argue that repealing prohibition
would create vital jobs and tax revenue for the government,
yet President Hoover doubled down.
Here's that report you asked for, sir.
Gimme.
Prohibition is great.
Fantastic news.
Sir, it says here prohibition is great
at undermining the rule of law in America.
Miles, it says the word great.
That means good.
Now stop wasting my time.
The public increasingly shocked
at the violence they saw on the streets,
the corruption they saw in the government,
the general disregard for the law,
and now an economic calamity,
had had enough.
For his reelection, Hoover faced the democratic candidate
who promised to finally do something about prohibition,
Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Crowds cheered
as FDR made his campaign speeches
promising to modify the Volstead Act.
And Pauline Sabin, a lifelong Republican,
along with her 1.5 million supporters, endorsed Roosevelt.
And on election day, it was a landslide.
Before FDR had even taken office,
Republicans in Congress began the process
of passing the 21st Amendment to repeal prohibition.
One of FDR's first acts as president
was to pass the Beer Permit Act which made beer legal
while the new amendment was being ratified.
In 1933 with the passage of the 21st Amendment,
prohibition was finally over,
and the people celebrated
like they had just won a World War.
Bars and taverns were packed.
The WCTU were inconsolable.
Wayne Wheeler was dead.
And the celebration,
particularly in American cities, was intense.
Heading into the mid-1930s,
the effects of prohibition were clear to see.
From now on, culture around drinking had changed
with men and women drinking together not in saloons
but in bars and taverns.
The crime syndicates that had been given so much power
through prohibition remained powerful
as they moved on to other things.
Some states opted to remain dry
with Oklahoma only repealing its prohibition laws in 1959.
To this day, there are still counties in America
with some form of prohibition.
So what did we learn today, kids?
What's the big lesson here?
What's the moral of this story
that we can all take away
and apply to our day-to-day lives?
Maybe that you shouldn't force your own morals
on others who don't share them?
Maybe that if you tell Americans not to do something,
that's the one thing they'll definitely do.
Or maybe there is no lesson.
Maybe we're all just a bunch of dumb stinky idiots
and we're all doomed.
The end.
(upbeat music)