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It's important to us as Americans today

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because by all historical rights, we

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shouldn't be here.

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By all historical rights, the Civil War

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should have destroyed us as a nation. By

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all historical rights, the skeptics, the

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aristocrats, the despots

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should have rejoiced and should have

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watched the American democracy destroy

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itself.

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Yet nearly 150 years after the defining

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conflict in United States history, many

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stories of our civil war remain untold.

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Gettysburg,

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Bull Run, and Tedum

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familiar battles fought in the east.

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But hundreds of miles from the opposing

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capitals of Washington and Richmond,

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another series of campaigns were fought.

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These on the great expanse of lands

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between the Appalachian and the

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Mississippi River,

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[music]

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lands then considered to be the West.

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I think in our popular memory of the

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civil war, we tend to focus a lot on the

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east, on some of the battles in the

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east, but in fact, one could easily

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argue that the civil war was won in the

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west.

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It was where this Union Army managed to

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bisect the Confederacy, taking the

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Mississippi River.

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So if we want to understand the full

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impact of this war on the people,

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you have to understand what went on in

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the west. [music]

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[music]

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[music]

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It is a nation born

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of war.

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Emboldened by the idea that all men are

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created equal, American colonists unite

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to fight their British rulers.

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In a world dominated by kings and

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tyrants, [music]

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the American Revolution gives birth to a

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noble experiment in democracy. [music]

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SHAW THESE UP. SHAW THESE UP. PACK THAT

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DOWN. DIG THAT DIRT. TOTE THAT BAR. LIFT

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THAT BAIL. BETTER. BETTER. BUT I'M GOOD

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ENOUGH.

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Slavery is [music] the ugly exception to

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the cries of liberty

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at the country's founding.

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Move along now. Move along. Break your

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backs. I'll break them for you. save it.

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David,

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one way [music] to understand the irony

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or the paradox of how this could be a

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nation built on freedom [music] and yet

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keep people in unfreedom or in slavery

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is to realize that many of these white

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Americans didn't [music] see that as any

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sort of conflict at all. In fact, uh in

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their mind, these revolutionary

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principles only applied to white people.

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The idea that all men are created

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[music] equal was not a jarring

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contradiction for slaveholders and for

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most Americans in the 18th as well as

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the 19th century. [snorts]

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To our sensibilities [music] today, it's

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something that almost impossible for us

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to imagine [music] how people could

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reconcile or live with that. But they

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did. and they did so really with with

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ease.

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Many slaveholders regard their property

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as childlike, [music]

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although we think of [music]

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African-Ameans as human beings. Now, in

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the 18th century, there was scientific

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[music] evidence that proved they were

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the missing link between [music] animals

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and human beings.

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By the 1800s,

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Americans could point to the research of

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French scientist George Cuvier, then

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considered one of the world's great

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minds in the field of zoologology.

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Cuier was fascinated with a woman from

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South Africa named Sarah Bartman.

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Known throughout England and France as

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the hot and tot Venus, the large woman

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is displayed in a traveling sideshow

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that describes her as a phenomenon of

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nature.

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Upon her death, QVA's autopsy report

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concludes that Bartman was a species

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closer to the great apes than humans.

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And so when you have science that proves

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through evidence, through experimental

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research that African people are in fact

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subhuman or at least inferior, it gives

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the contradiction of democracy and

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slavery some weight because these people

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are not citizens. These people are not

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full human beings.

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The first Africans landed on the shores

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of North America in 1619,

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a year before the arrival of the

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pilgrims.

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By the time the Constitution was

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ratified in 1789,

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the new United States had a [music]

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slave population of almost 700,000.

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Yet many, particularly northern

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religious and political leaders,

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recognized the moral conflict between

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slavery and liberty.

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In 1808,

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Congress [music] bans the importation of

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slaves.

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At the time of the writing of the

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Declaration of Independence and [music]

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the Constitution,

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it was relatively easy to for the

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founders to think that slavery was going

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to go away because [music] slavery as an

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institution was declining. Well, then in

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the [music] 1790s, the cotton gin was

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invented.

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Suddenly from the institution [music]

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declining as it had been before it began

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to increase.

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The international slave trade is

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replaced with a thriving domestic slave

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trade. It becomes the [music] lifeblood

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of the cotton economy.

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The rise of cotton changes the face

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[music] of the nation. It changes the

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conditions of [music] life for black

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people across the United States.

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[music]

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75% of the South's cotton is shipped

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abroad,

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most of it to England and France.

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Cotton is the [music] white gold of the

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transatlantic economy. Cotton was for

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the 19th century economy, for the

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industrial revolution, what oil is today

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for the world economy that we live in.

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Southerners needed to make the profits

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that they needed to make from that

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cotton. But how to do it? You need a

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cheap labor force. If you can enslave

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that labor force, then you're getting it

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at the cheapest rates possible.

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By the time of the Civil War, the

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enslaved [music]

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people providing that labor are valued

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at about $3 billion.

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That's more than the combined value of

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all the railroads, factories, and banks

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then in America.

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And yet, it is not only Southerners who

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benefit from the cotton windfalls.

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Northern banks have a strangle hold on

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many southern planters.

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Cotton mills, shipping interests, even

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insurance companies in the [music] north

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reap great profits from America's white

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gold.

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The nation's economy was built on the

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back of slaves.

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This was not a [music] southern issue.

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It was a national issue and it was an

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issue that was not [music] a problem

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because the economy of slavery and the

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economy of wage labor in the north were

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compatible. They worked brilliantly

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together. The raw materials [music]

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produced by the hands of slaves fueled

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not just the rural south, [music] but it

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also helped energize a growing

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industrial north.

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All right, boys. We got a fresh load of

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brick. As soon as you done that break

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up, we need

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Let's tell a terrible truth that most

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northern whites, although they lived in

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where what were legally ostensibly free

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states, were thoroughly committed to

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white racial supremacy. as any random

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sampling you might take of slave holders

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in the southern states where slavery was

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legal.

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Take a census of black people in the

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north, free black people in the north,

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and you will find that only in a handful

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of locations did they have anything even

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approaching civil equality.

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For northern whites, slavery was a

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problem. Not because it was an act of

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racial injustice, but because slavery

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had permitted black people into North

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America. Northern whites wanted a nation

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that was in effect a sandbox for white

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people only.

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Northern states might be free states,

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they were also anti-lack states.

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A powerful minority called abolitionists

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preach of the evils of slavery.

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Most northerners denounce the

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abolitionists as paras and extremists.

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But by the 1850s, the abolitionist

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message begins to resonate with many who

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begin to rally around the anti-slavery

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[music]

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cause.

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And so faced with that challenge, these

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southern slaveholders begin to develop

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their own moral justification for

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slavery beginning in the 1830s. And they

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start talking about slavery as a

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positive good. that slavery is something

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that is redeeming the people of African

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descent and that we as southern

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slaveholders are taking care of and

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civilizing these people.

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So it's it's a it's a moral issue for

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them. It's an economic issue for them

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and we also can't forget it's a social

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racial issue for them. If you get rid of

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slavery, you get rid of the structure

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that is guaranteeing all white people in

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southern society status.

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And yet the catalyst for civil war comes

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not from north or south, but rather

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west.

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The United States is expanding. And so

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you there's a need for more land, for

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more cotton, and also for more slaves.

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By 1850, a nation of 13 original

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colonies has grown to 31 states.

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America stretches westward, not only to

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the Mississippi River, but all the way

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to the Pacific Ocean.

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A newspaper [music] editor actually

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coined the term and he said it was the

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manifest destiny of [music] the United

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States to overspread the continent to

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spread liberty. But wait a minute, what

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about slavery? Is slavery going to

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spread? We spread liberty. Are we going

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to spread slavery, too? Does slavery

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follow the flag?

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Southern politicians demand to not only

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preserve slavery, but to expand it.

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Political compromises in 1820, 1850, and

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then again in 1854 provide temporary

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solutions. But in the end, western

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expansion disrupts the balance [music]

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in Congress between free and slave

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states.

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A prelude of the bloodletting to come

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erupts in Kansas territory, where voters

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battle over whether their new state will

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be free or slave.

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Suddenly in 1860, a candidate is elected

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to the presidency who is unashamedly,

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unapologetically

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opposed to slavery. And when Southerners

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hear this, they hear the death nail

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ringing for them.

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Abraham Lincoln from Illinois is the

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candidate of the newly formed Republican

279
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party. He is elected without receiving a

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00:13:08,559 --> 00:13:15,199
single electoral vote from the South.

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Lincoln's priority is to preserve the

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Union.

283
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The president-elect vows to not

284
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interfere with slavery in states where

285
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it already exists.

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That does little to comfort those in the

287
00:13:26,320 --> 00:13:30,639
South who fear Lincoln will use the

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federal government to trample states

289
00:13:30,639 --> 00:13:34,639
rights.

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For white southerners, with Lincoln's

291
00:13:34,639 --> 00:13:38,720
election, they saw the beginning of the

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end. They believed that a Republican

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00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:42,879
party committed to stopping the

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expansion of slavery in the territories

295
00:13:42,879 --> 00:13:47,399
would spell their demise.

296
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They saw Lincoln as a wolf in sheep's

297
00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:55,200
clothing.

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Lincoln is [music] an arrow pointed at

299
00:13:55,200 --> 00:14:01,160
the heart of their entire social and

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00:13:57,679 --> 00:14:01,159
economic system.

301
00:14:06,923 --> 00:14:08,943
[music]

302
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Come on now. Nice and tight. Yeah, I

303
00:14:11,509 --> 00:14:16,600
[music] got it. All right, that's good.

304
00:14:13,360 --> 00:14:16,600
That's good.

305
00:14:23,278 --> 00:14:28,879
Well, there were about 3.9 million

306
00:14:25,440 --> 00:14:31,920
enslaved people in uh the US in 1860.

307
00:14:28,879 --> 00:14:34,399
And that ended up being about 40% of the

308
00:14:31,919 --> 00:14:36,078
Confederate population. So, that's a

309
00:14:34,399 --> 00:14:37,839
significant proportion.

310
00:14:36,078 --> 00:14:39,039
I'm thirsty. I want some water.

311
00:14:37,839 --> 00:14:40,800
I'm going to tell you something right

312
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now. You remember what happened? The

313
00:14:40,799 --> 00:14:43,599
last one of y'all that got up here

314
00:14:41,919 --> 00:14:44,639
running your mouth at me. Do you

315
00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:46,720
remember that?

316
00:14:44,639 --> 00:14:48,560
Now, if you break the Confederacy down

317
00:14:46,720 --> 00:14:51,360
by region, you can see that it's in the

318
00:14:48,559 --> 00:14:53,198
deep south. uh where you see the

319
00:14:51,360 --> 00:14:55,759
greatest percentage of that slave

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00:14:53,198 --> 00:14:58,958
population.

321
00:14:55,759 --> 00:15:00,159
Now you stop right there. I told you you

322
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was last.

323
00:15:00,159 --> 00:15:04,399
And so it's not really a coincidence

324
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that you see in those deep southern

325
00:15:04,399 --> 00:15:07,839
states are the first to secede.

326
00:15:06,399 --> 00:15:11,320
Yeah. You go ahead and you take you a

327
00:15:07,839 --> 00:15:11,320
drink this time.

328
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That's what I'd expect out of you, boy.

329
00:15:13,759 --> 00:15:20,039
Just wasting water. That'll be the last

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00:15:16,320 --> 00:15:20,040
water you get today.

331
00:15:20,284 --> 00:15:24,000
[music]

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Just 2 months after Lincoln's election,

333
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:29,440
Mississippi, the largest cotton [music]

334
00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:33,440
producing state, join South Carolina and

335
00:15:29,440 --> 00:15:35,600
secedes from the Union. Within a month,

336
00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:37,199
five more states from the Deep South

337
00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:38,800
follow.

338
00:15:37,198 --> 00:15:40,799
Jefferson Davis, [music]

339
00:15:38,799 --> 00:15:44,519
who recently resigned his US Senate

340
00:15:40,799 --> 00:15:45,120
seat, is chosen president of the new

341
00:15:44,519 --> 00:15:49,120
[music]

342
00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:50,639
Confederate States of America.

343
00:15:49,120 --> 00:15:52,399
Davis agrees with the official

344
00:15:50,639 --> 00:15:55,680
declaration made by the Mississippi

345
00:15:52,399 --> 00:15:58,399
secession delegates who defend secession

346
00:15:55,679 --> 00:16:00,638
by stating,

347
00:15:58,399 --> 00:16:03,120
"Our position is thoroughly identified

348
00:16:00,639 --> 00:16:05,919
with the institution of slavery, the

349
00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:08,320
greatest material interest in the world.

350
00:16:05,919 --> 00:16:10,719
Its labor supplies the product which

351
00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:12,639
constitutes by far the largest and most

352
00:16:10,720 --> 00:16:14,560
important portions of the commerce of

353
00:16:12,639 --> 00:16:16,639
the earth."

354
00:16:14,559 --> 00:16:19,518
These products are peculiar to the

355
00:16:16,639 --> 00:16:22,079
climate. verging on the tropical regions

356
00:16:19,519 --> 00:16:24,639
and by an imperious law of nature. None

357
00:16:22,078 --> 00:16:27,439
but the black race can bear exposure to

358
00:16:24,639 --> 00:16:29,680
the tropical sun. These products have

359
00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:31,839
become necessities of the world and a

360
00:16:29,679 --> 00:16:34,319
blow at slavery is a blow at commerce

361
00:16:31,839 --> 00:16:36,480
and civilization.

362
00:16:34,320 --> 00:16:38,480
That blow has been long aimed at the

363
00:16:36,480 --> 00:16:41,600
institution and was at the point of

364
00:16:38,480 --> 00:16:43,278
reaching its consummation.

365
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:45,759
There was no choice left us but

366
00:16:43,278 --> 00:16:48,240
submission to the mandates of abolition

367
00:16:45,759 --> 00:16:50,480
or a dissolution of the union whose

368
00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:54,198
principles had been subverted to work

369
00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:54,199
out our ruin.

370
00:16:56,078 --> 00:17:02,000
One of the most poignant lines says we

371
00:16:59,679 --> 00:17:05,198
are thoroughly interested in maintaining

372
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:06,640
the institution of slavery

373
00:17:05,199 --> 00:17:11,079
because it's one of the greatest

374
00:17:06,640 --> 00:17:11,079
benefits of mankind.

375
00:17:11,838 --> 00:17:18,639
And so that's an important

376
00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:21,519
acknowledgment of how vital slavery was

377
00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:24,400
not just to the state but also to that

378
00:17:21,519 --> 00:17:28,480
region that they made no bones about it.

379
00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:31,798
Slavery was the central issue of the

380
00:17:28,480 --> 00:17:31,798
civil war.

381
00:17:33,359 --> 00:17:37,199
The belief that liberty should be

382
00:17:35,359 --> 00:17:39,599
extended to all people regardless of

383
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:42,720
class, color, or gender. that simply was

384
00:17:39,599 --> 00:17:45,678
not within thinking of most antibellum

385
00:17:42,720 --> 00:17:47,919
Americans and for slaveholders.

386
00:17:45,679 --> 00:17:50,798
They believed that liberty and freedom

387
00:17:47,919 --> 00:17:53,280
was actually depended upon the

388
00:17:50,798 --> 00:17:56,639
enslavement of African-Americans.

389
00:17:53,279 --> 00:17:59,918
So, uh, for white southerners on the eve

390
00:17:56,640 --> 00:18:01,600
of the Civil War, they could make the

391
00:17:59,919 --> 00:18:04,880
bold claim that they were fighting for

392
00:18:01,599 --> 00:18:07,519
their liberty and feel no remorse and

393
00:18:04,880 --> 00:18:09,679
feel no tension, feel no contradiction

394
00:18:07,519 --> 00:18:12,400
in the fact that they thought that that

395
00:18:09,679 --> 00:18:14,000
liberty was depended upon fighting and

396
00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:17,000
dying for the enslavement of

397
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:17,000
African-Americans.

398
00:18:18,480 --> 00:18:24,480
If we're talking about uh politics, the

399
00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:26,720
political tensions uh that erupted uh

400
00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:29,599
sectional tensions and whatnot are

401
00:18:26,720 --> 00:18:33,200
rooted in slavery. The economic

402
00:18:29,599 --> 00:18:34,000
differences were rooted in slavery. And

403
00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:35,440
the states [clears throat] right

404
00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:37,200
argument, well, we're talking about a

405
00:18:35,440 --> 00:18:42,027
state's right to do what? The southern

406
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:42,798
state seceded to protect slavery.

407
00:18:42,027 --> 00:18:44,880
[music]

408
00:18:42,798 --> 00:18:47,279
85 years after declaring itself

409
00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:50,480
independent from Great Britain,

410
00:18:47,279 --> 00:18:55,720
America's grand experiment in democracy

411
00:18:50,480 --> 00:18:55,720
is about to be put to its greatest test.

412
00:18:57,519 --> 00:19:05,038
April 12th, 1861,

413
00:19:01,279 --> 00:19:07,038
Charleston, South Carolina.

414
00:19:05,038 --> 00:19:10,160
Carrying out instructions from Jefferson

415
00:19:07,038 --> 00:19:12,480
Davis, Confederate forces bombard Fort

416
00:19:10,160 --> 00:19:15,360
Sumpter, forcing the surrender of the

417
00:19:12,480 --> 00:19:17,360
Union garrison. The next day,

418
00:19:15,359 --> 00:19:21,839
President Lincoln responds by calling

419
00:19:17,359 --> 00:19:25,119
for 75,000 troops. That order convinces

420
00:19:21,839 --> 00:19:28,558
Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and

421
00:19:25,119 --> 00:19:30,399
Tennessee to join the Confederacy.

422
00:19:28,558 --> 00:19:33,119
Lincoln refuses to recognize the

423
00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:35,440
Confederate government and instead

424
00:19:33,119 --> 00:19:37,678
considers the seceding states to be in

425
00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:40,080
rebellion.

426
00:19:37,679 --> 00:19:45,400
As an Illinois congressman, Lincoln had

427
00:19:40,079 --> 00:19:45,399
said, "A house divided cannot stand."

428
00:19:46,160 --> 00:19:52,880
Now, as president, Lincoln must use

429
00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:56,960
force to unite a divided nation or watch

430
00:19:52,880 --> 00:20:00,400
the United States be dissolved.

431
00:19:56,960 --> 00:20:03,200
There was the belief by many that um

432
00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:05,440
that there would not be um be a war and

433
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:09,038
that certainly if there was going to be

434
00:20:05,440 --> 00:20:11,360
any sort of bloodshed um it would not be

435
00:20:09,038 --> 00:20:14,400
uh very extended.

436
00:20:11,359 --> 00:20:17,759
One or two engagements and both sides

437
00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:19,440
would come to their senses.

438
00:20:17,759 --> 00:20:21,200
Both sides believe the war would be over

439
00:20:19,440 --> 00:20:24,160
within 90 days. There would be little

440
00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:25,759
bloodshed. Uh, one politician stated

441
00:20:24,160 --> 00:20:29,640
that the amount of blood shed could be

442
00:20:25,759 --> 00:20:29,640
mopped up with a handkerchief.

443
00:20:31,279 --> 00:20:34,798
So when the war begins, you have men who

444
00:20:33,519 --> 00:20:36,798
are fighting for [music]

445
00:20:34,798 --> 00:20:38,558
preservation of the Union and you have

446
00:20:36,798 --> 00:20:40,319
men who are fighting for their homes,

447
00:20:38,558 --> 00:20:42,720
defending it from an what they perceive

448
00:20:40,319 --> 00:20:45,519
as an invasion.

449
00:20:42,720 --> 00:20:46,720
But they had no idea.

450
00:20:45,519 --> 00:20:49,759
They thought that it was going to be an

451
00:20:46,720 --> 00:20:53,038
adventure. Be home by Christmas. Oh,

452
00:20:49,759 --> 00:20:56,720
Brown Rosie, the rose of Alabama, the

453
00:20:53,038 --> 00:20:58,480
sweet tobacco pos.

454
00:20:56,720 --> 00:21:00,400
And what they found out is they ended up

455
00:20:58,480 --> 00:21:04,240
in camps

456
00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:07,360
dying of disease. Um,

457
00:21:04,240 --> 00:21:11,200
in incredible boredom,

458
00:21:07,359 --> 00:21:16,119
loneliness, hot and cold, punctuated by

459
00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:16,120
these incredible conflicts.

460
00:21:19,279 --> 00:21:23,839
The Union hopes to bring a quick end to

461
00:21:21,440 --> 00:21:25,759
the war by attacking a Confederate force

462
00:21:23,839 --> 00:21:29,558
near a crossroad in Virginia called

463
00:21:25,759 --> 00:21:29,558
Manasses Junction.

464
00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:34,400
Instead,

465
00:21:31,839 --> 00:21:38,878
federal troops led by Brigadier General

466
00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:40,899
Irvin McDow are routed.

467
00:21:38,878 --> 00:21:40,898
[screaming]

468
00:21:41,759 --> 00:21:49,038
The Union force scurries back to

469
00:21:43,759 --> 00:21:49,038
Washington only 30 m to the north.

470
00:21:51,919 --> 00:21:57,520
The battle of Bull Run is the first

471
00:21:54,558 --> 00:21:59,839
major battle in the east.

472
00:21:57,519 --> 00:22:02,400
But Union leaders realize that the

473
00:21:59,839 --> 00:22:04,399
ultimate defeat of the Confederacy means

474
00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:06,720
taking the fight beyond [music] the

475
00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:08,480
Appalachian.

476
00:22:06,720 --> 00:22:11,440
We underestimate the importance of the

477
00:22:08,480 --> 00:22:14,000
western theater at our peril because in

478
00:22:11,440 --> 00:22:17,919
the west [music] you have the single

479
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:20,240
most important economic highway of the

480
00:22:17,919 --> 00:22:23,475
North American continent and that is the

481
00:22:20,240 --> 00:22:23,474
great Mississippi Valley. [music]

482
00:22:23,599 --> 00:22:28,659
If you wanted to put a finger on the

483
00:22:25,839 --> 00:22:29,599
most important commercial confluence,

484
00:22:28,660 --> 00:22:32,480
[music]

485
00:22:29,599 --> 00:22:35,038
the most important economic lifeline of

486
00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:37,919
the American Republic, then it flowed

487
00:22:35,038 --> 00:22:40,079
through the West.

488
00:22:37,919 --> 00:22:43,038
In Virginia, the [music] east west

489
00:22:40,079 --> 00:22:46,000
flowing rivers are obstacles. But in the

490
00:22:43,038 --> 00:22:48,640
West, they are avenues.

491
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:50,960
One Union general writes, "Whatever

492
00:22:48,640 --> 00:22:53,840
nation gets control [music] of the Ohio,

493
00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:57,535
Mississippi, and Missouri rivers will

494
00:22:53,839 --> 00:22:57,534
control the continent." [snorts]

495
00:22:59,759 --> 00:23:05,679
In February 1862,

496
00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:09,720
15,000 Union soldiers land along the

497
00:23:05,679 --> 00:23:09,720
banks of the Tennessee River.

498
00:23:10,079 --> 00:23:15,079
It is an invasion to end a rebellion.

499
00:23:16,476 --> 00:23:21,039
[music]

500
00:23:17,759 --> 00:23:24,336
The 652mm Tennessee runs parallel to the

501
00:23:21,038 --> 00:23:25,759
Mississippi further to the west.

502
00:23:24,336 --> 00:23:27,519
[music]

503
00:23:25,759 --> 00:23:29,119
It cuts through the heart of the western

504
00:23:27,519 --> 00:23:31,200
Confederacy

505
00:23:29,119 --> 00:23:33,439
from the Ohio [music] River through the

506
00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:36,640
crucial border state of Kentucky and

507
00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:39,600
into the state of Tennessee.

508
00:23:36,640 --> 00:23:43,240
For nearly 200 miles, it even flows

509
00:23:39,599 --> 00:23:43,240
through northern Alabama.

510
00:23:43,330 --> 00:23:46,959
[music]

511
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:48,720
Like the Mississippi and Ohio rivers,

512
00:23:46,960 --> 00:23:50,159
the Tennessee is wide enough for

513
00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:53,120
transport steamers [music] to quickly

514
00:23:50,159 --> 00:23:56,000
deliver troops and supplies.

515
00:23:53,119 --> 00:23:58,000
For the Union, this campaign will be a

516
00:23:56,000 --> 00:24:03,319
test for [music] the Navy's ironclad

517
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:03,319
gunboats, state-of-the-art warships.

518
00:24:06,558 --> 00:24:10,558
The coming battle will also be a test

519
00:24:08,558 --> 00:24:12,240
for a littleknown graduate of West

520
00:24:10,558 --> 00:24:14,480
Point.

521
00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:19,759
A soldier with an average record whom

522
00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:22,240
many have unfairly branded a drunk.

523
00:24:19,759 --> 00:24:24,720
General Ulissiz S. Grant is the

524
00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:27,278
unlikeliest of heroes.

525
00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:29,759
Yet he will emerge from the west as the

526
00:24:27,278 --> 00:24:32,960
greatest soldier and general in the

527
00:24:29,759 --> 00:24:36,319
entire Union Army.

528
00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:39,360
Grant's orders, seize two strategic

529
00:24:36,319 --> 00:24:41,359
forts guarding the Confederate interior.

530
00:24:39,359 --> 00:24:44,959
Fort Henry overlooks the Tennessee

531
00:24:41,359 --> 00:24:47,359
River. 12 mi east, Fort Donaldelsson

532
00:24:44,960 --> 00:24:50,798
guards the Cumberland, a river leading

533
00:24:47,359 --> 00:24:52,719
to the Tennessee capital of Nashville.

534
00:24:50,798 --> 00:24:56,037
Those

535
00:24:52,720 --> 00:24:58,079
forts are important because it was hoped

536
00:24:56,037 --> 00:25:00,960
[music] by the Confederates that they

537
00:24:58,079 --> 00:25:02,240
would stop Union gunboats,

538
00:25:00,960 --> 00:25:04,798
Union [music] River boats carrying

539
00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:07,839
troops and supplies from penetrating

540
00:25:04,798 --> 00:25:11,558
farther up the Tennessee River and up

541
00:25:07,839 --> 00:25:11,558
the Cumberland River.

542
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:19,200
On February 6th, naval gunboats pound

543
00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:20,880
Fort Henry into submission,

544
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:22,892
but the Confederate defensive position

545
00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:24,559
at Fort Donaldelsson is much stronger.

546
00:25:22,892 --> 00:25:26,558
[music]

547
00:25:24,558 --> 00:25:28,000
Two river batteries containing more than

548
00:25:26,558 --> 00:25:30,480
a dozen heavy guns [music]

549
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:33,519
point northward toward a sharp bend of

550
00:25:30,480 --> 00:25:36,240
the Cumberland.

551
00:25:33,519 --> 00:25:39,200
On February [music] 14th, Union

552
00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:42,880
ironclads fire hundreds of iron

553
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:45,519
Valentines into Fort Donaldelsson.

554
00:25:42,880 --> 00:25:48,520
But this time, the Navy is decisively

555
00:25:45,519 --> 00:25:48,519
repulsed.

556
00:25:48,798 --> 00:25:55,038
Meanwhile, Grant's force of 27,000 moves

557
00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:58,480
overland and approaches the landward

558
00:25:55,038 --> 00:26:01,359
side of Fort Donaldelsson.

559
00:25:58,480 --> 00:26:03,200
Grant later summed up his idea of the

560
00:26:01,359 --> 00:26:06,959
art of war

561
00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:09,600
in a rather pathy way. He said, "Get at

562
00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:14,079
the enemy as quick as you can. Hit him

563
00:26:09,599 --> 00:26:16,798
as hard as you can, and keep moving on."

564
00:26:14,079 --> 00:26:21,639
The next morning, Grant's art of war

565
00:26:16,798 --> 00:26:21,639
philosophy is put to a serious test.

566
00:26:23,919 --> 00:26:28,880
Confederates inside Fort Donaldelsson

567
00:26:25,839 --> 00:26:32,359
attempt to break out and bust through

568
00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:32,360
Grant's lines.

569
00:26:33,119 --> 00:26:36,959
After furious fighting in the ravines

570
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:40,000
and the steep terrain surrounding the

571
00:26:36,960 --> 00:26:44,120
fort, Grant forces the Confederates back

572
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:44,119
inside Fort Donaldelsson.

573
00:26:45,038 --> 00:26:50,158
Confederate Brigadier General Simon

574
00:26:46,960 --> 00:26:52,159
Buckner asks for terms of surrender.

575
00:26:50,159 --> 00:26:54,159
Grant's response

576
00:26:52,159 --> 00:26:56,640
unconditional

577
00:26:54,159 --> 00:26:58,799
and immediate.

578
00:26:56,640 --> 00:27:02,080
I think what it what this unconditional

579
00:26:58,798 --> 00:27:04,480
surrender demand tells us about Grant is

580
00:27:02,079 --> 00:27:06,558
his determination.

581
00:27:04,480 --> 00:27:08,880
We've got a general here who's not going

582
00:27:06,558 --> 00:27:10,639
to fool around, who's going to prosecute

583
00:27:08,880 --> 00:27:14,000
this [music] war and is going to end it

584
00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:16,480
in a way that it ought to be ended.

585
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:19,200
At Fort Donaldelsson, 12,000

586
00:27:16,480 --> 00:27:23,919
Confederates surrender and the Northern

587
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:27,360
Press anoints a national hero.

588
00:27:23,919 --> 00:27:29,759
But Grant with his initials US Grant,

589
00:27:27,359 --> 00:27:32,879
unconditional surrender Grant, it came

590
00:27:29,759 --> 00:27:35,359
together brilliantly. Ulissiz Srant's

591
00:27:32,880 --> 00:27:38,320
victories, Fort Henry and Fort

592
00:27:35,359 --> 00:27:41,918
Donaldson, they captivated a northern

593
00:27:38,319 --> 00:27:43,918
nation craving good news, especially in

594
00:27:41,919 --> 00:27:46,919
the wake of what had happened at First

595
00:27:43,919 --> 00:27:46,919
Manasses.

596
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:52,558
Just 9 days after the Confederate

597
00:27:49,919 --> 00:27:56,320
surrender, Nashville, the capital of

598
00:27:52,558 --> 00:27:59,038
Tennessee, falls to Union troops.

599
00:27:56,319 --> 00:28:01,200
More importantly, the victory enables

600
00:27:59,038 --> 00:28:04,158
Union forces to [music] seize control of

601
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:05,989
the lower Tennessee River, the strategic

602
00:28:04,159 --> 00:28:08,240
pathway leading into the Confederate

603
00:28:05,989 --> 00:28:10,399
[music] heartland.

604
00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:12,319
Confederate forces in the West respond

605
00:28:10,398 --> 00:28:14,798
by abandoning Kentucky and Middle

606
00:28:12,319 --> 00:28:17,200
Tennessee, retreating [music] south into

607
00:28:14,798 --> 00:28:20,200
West Tennessee, northern Alabama, and

608
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:20,200
Mississippi.

609
00:28:21,440 --> 00:28:25,679
You have to wonder how soon Confederates

610
00:28:23,759 --> 00:28:28,319
in deep south states like Mississippi

611
00:28:25,679 --> 00:28:31,519
and Alabama thought that they would have

612
00:28:28,319 --> 00:28:34,079
Union troops on their soil.

613
00:28:31,519 --> 00:28:36,319
March 1862,

614
00:28:34,079 --> 00:28:38,639
the Federals lease a fleet of steamboats

615
00:28:36,319 --> 00:28:40,240
to transport Grant's troops deeper into

616
00:28:38,640 --> 00:28:43,679
Tennessee.

617
00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:45,919
Over 12 dozen steam southward, equipped

618
00:28:43,679 --> 00:28:47,840
with everything an army needs to mount a

619
00:28:45,919 --> 00:28:50,799
major campaign.

620
00:28:47,839 --> 00:28:54,000
A journey requiring weeks overland now

621
00:28:50,798 --> 00:28:56,398
takes only days on the Tennessee.

622
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:59,440
The Union forces unload at Pittsburgh

623
00:28:56,398 --> 00:29:01,759
Landing, where roads provide easy access

624
00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:05,000
to rail lines crucial to the Confederate

625
00:29:01,759 --> 00:29:05,000
war effort.

626
00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:15,038
By early April 1862,

627
00:29:11,839 --> 00:29:17,439
Grant's force of 48,000 stretches across

628
00:29:15,038 --> 00:29:20,440
a high wooded plateau in southwest

629
00:29:17,440 --> 00:29:20,440
Tennessee.

630
00:29:21,038 --> 00:29:26,398
Grant's most inexperienced troops camp

631
00:29:23,759 --> 00:29:28,640
over 2 miles from Pittsburgh Landing

632
00:29:26,398 --> 00:29:32,879
near a simple Methodist meeting house

633
00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:36,640
named Shiloh. Roughly translated the

634
00:29:32,880 --> 00:29:38,480
Hebrew word Shiloh means a place of

635
00:29:36,640 --> 00:29:42,399
peace.

636
00:29:38,480 --> 00:29:44,640
Grant's mission sever two vital western

637
00:29:42,398 --> 00:29:48,000
Confederate railroads which intersect at

638
00:29:44,640 --> 00:29:50,080
the small town of Corinth, Mississippi.

639
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:51,919
A lot of the the federal high command

640
00:29:50,079 --> 00:29:54,000
will talk about how we have to go down

641
00:29:51,919 --> 00:29:55,520
to Corinth. CF Smith talks about we have

642
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,839
to route them out like you would a

643
00:29:55,519 --> 00:30:00,319
badger out of a hole.

644
00:29:57,839 --> 00:30:02,639
Running through Corinth is the South's

645
00:30:00,319 --> 00:30:05,439
only complete rail connection linking

646
00:30:02,640 --> 00:30:07,278
the Mississippi to the Atlantic.

647
00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:10,640
One Confederate official called it the

648
00:30:07,278 --> 00:30:13,200
vertebrae of the Confederacy. So that

649
00:30:10,640 --> 00:30:13,715
that's what makes Shiloh, I think, so

650
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:13,840
important.

651
00:30:13,714 --> 00:30:16,240
[music]

652
00:30:13,839 --> 00:30:20,319
And if you're a Confederate,

653
00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:22,720
you know that if the Union captures

654
00:30:20,319 --> 00:30:25,200
Corinth and captures control of those

655
00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:27,839
railroads, [music] your supply situation

656
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:30,159
is difficult. Your movement of troops is

657
00:30:27,839 --> 00:30:32,240
difficult. Your railroad system, which

658
00:30:30,159 --> 00:30:35,720
isn't very good anyway, is going to be

659
00:30:32,240 --> 00:30:35,720
even worse.

660
00:30:37,599 --> 00:30:41,839
Grant knows a large enemy force has

661
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:44,880
gathered to defend the Corinth Railroad

662
00:30:41,839 --> 00:30:46,558
junction, but he is unaware those same

663
00:30:44,880 --> 00:30:50,840
Confederates [music] are now marching

664
00:30:46,558 --> 00:30:50,839
forward to attack him.

665
00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:57,840
General Albert Sydney Johnston [music]

666
00:30:55,119 --> 00:31:00,798
commands the Western Confederate Army.

667
00:30:57,839 --> 00:31:02,798
President Jefferson Davis boasts, "If

668
00:31:00,798 --> 00:31:06,398
Johnston is not [music] a general, then

669
00:31:02,798 --> 00:31:06,398
we have no general.

670
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:11,200
For Johnston, it is a race against the

671
00:31:09,440 --> 00:31:13,120
clock.

672
00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:15,360
He has received intelligence that more

673
00:31:13,119 --> 00:31:19,079
Union troops will soon be joining Grant

674
00:31:15,359 --> 00:31:19,079
at Pittsburgh Landing.

675
00:31:20,240 --> 00:31:26,000
Marching Overland from Nashville to

676
00:31:22,240 --> 00:31:28,798
Shiloh is a [music] second Union Army,

677
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:33,079
35,000 soldiers under the command of

678
00:31:28,798 --> 00:31:33,079
General Don Carlos Buell.

679
00:31:33,919 --> 00:31:37,038
The opportunity that is presented to

680
00:31:35,590 --> 00:31:38,639
[music] Johnson, of course, is to hit

681
00:31:37,038 --> 00:31:39,839
one at a time. And this is not rocket

682
00:31:38,640 --> 00:31:41,919
science. You don't need a military

683
00:31:39,839 --> 00:31:44,720
academy education to figure out that you

684
00:31:41,919 --> 00:31:47,840
want to fight one army instead of two.

685
00:31:44,720 --> 00:31:50,000
Johnston has a bold plan to destroy

686
00:31:47,839 --> 00:31:51,678
Grant's army before Bule's forces

687
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:55,119
arrive.

688
00:31:51,679 --> 00:31:56,720
Surprise and turn Grant's left flank.

689
00:31:55,119 --> 00:31:59,439
Cut off his line of retreat to the

690
00:31:56,720 --> 00:32:02,960
Tennessee River. Pin his army against

691
00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:06,600
the swampy lowlands of Owl Creek. force

692
00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:06,600
Grant to surrender.

693
00:32:08,798 --> 00:32:15,158
The Confederate advance toward Shiloh is

694
00:32:11,359 --> 00:32:15,158
troubled from the start.

695
00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:24,440
A spring storm turns crude roads into

696
00:32:20,720 --> 00:32:24,440
rivers of mud.

697
00:32:24,640 --> 00:32:32,038
A march which should have taken a single

698
00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:32,038
day to accomplish consumes three.

699
00:32:32,240 --> 00:32:39,640
In a coming battle, this delay will

700
00:32:34,798 --> 00:32:39,639
haunt Johnston and his Confederate army.

701
00:32:47,642 --> 00:32:50,000
[music]

702
00:32:47,919 --> 00:32:52,882
US Grant is under explicit orders from

703
00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:56,640
the Union Command. Do not advance

704
00:32:52,882 --> 00:32:59,038
[music] until Buell and his army arrive.

705
00:32:56,640 --> 00:33:03,480
Grant is convinced Johnston lacks the

706
00:32:59,038 --> 00:33:03,480
resolve and ability to attack.

707
00:33:04,159 --> 00:33:10,720
If Grant has a weakness at at this time

708
00:33:06,558 --> 00:33:14,960
in the war, it's that he doesn't always

709
00:33:10,720 --> 00:33:17,600
consider what his opposition will do.

710
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:20,319
Johnston wouldn't be stupid enough to to

711
00:33:17,599 --> 00:33:22,398
leave those entrenchments at Corinth and

712
00:33:20,319 --> 00:33:26,798
march 20 miles and attack us in the

713
00:33:22,398 --> 00:33:26,798
open. Never happened. Never happened.

714
00:33:27,359 --> 00:33:32,000
16-year-old Thomas Duncan from

715
00:33:29,759 --> 00:33:34,720
Mississippi is a courier for the

716
00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:36,319
Confederates.

717
00:33:34,720 --> 00:33:38,480
Riding out to a high point in front of

718
00:33:36,319 --> 00:33:40,480
our center,

719
00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:42,960
I hear the Union troops drilling in

720
00:33:40,480 --> 00:33:44,640
their encampment. The drum and F and the

721
00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,640
commands of the officers are plainly

722
00:33:44,640 --> 00:33:47,640
heard.

723
00:33:47,839 --> 00:33:53,038
It suddenly struck me.

724
00:33:50,640 --> 00:33:57,000
The Union Army is absolutely unaware of

725
00:33:53,038 --> 00:33:57,000
the presence of our army.

726
00:34:08,208 --> 00:34:11,280
[music]

727
00:34:09,039 --> 00:34:14,320
Brigadier General William Tecumpsa

728
00:34:11,280 --> 00:34:16,800
Sherman receives reports of large groups

729
00:34:14,320 --> 00:34:19,280
of Confederates, but he dismisses them

730
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:21,307
as mere scouting parties. What the hell

731
00:34:19,280 --> 00:34:21,359
is this garbage? You people are staring.

732
00:34:21,307 --> 00:34:23,519
[music]

733
00:34:21,358 --> 00:34:25,838
The preceding year, Sherman had gotten

734
00:34:23,519 --> 00:34:28,000
in trouble for overestimating the number

735
00:34:25,838 --> 00:34:29,759
of Confederates he was facing. The

736
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:32,760
newspapers had even reported that he was

737
00:34:29,760 --> 00:34:32,760
insane.

738
00:34:33,280 --> 00:34:38,159
So, in the days leading up to Shiloh,

739
00:34:35,679 --> 00:34:42,280
Sherman was very determined that he was

740
00:34:38,159 --> 00:34:42,280
not going to have that happen again.

741
00:34:42,878 --> 00:34:48,163
Just a mile beyond Sherman's camp is the

742
00:34:45,760 --> 00:34:48,960
leading edge of Johnston's 43,000

743
00:34:48,164 --> 00:34:51,960
[music]

744
00:34:48,960 --> 00:34:51,960
Confederates

745
00:34:52,398 --> 00:34:56,799
and they camp there [music] and some of

746
00:34:54,800 --> 00:34:59,920
them are even firing their weapons

747
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:01,920
testing them and yet nobody pays that

748
00:34:59,920 --> 00:35:06,079
much attention to it. [music] And he

749
00:35:01,920 --> 00:35:09,119
said unto them, "When you pray, say, Our

750
00:35:06,079 --> 00:35:11,519
Father, which art in heaven,

751
00:35:09,119 --> 00:35:14,880
hallowed [music] be thy name. Thy

752
00:35:11,519 --> 00:35:17,519
kingdom come, thy will be done, as in

753
00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:18,640
heaven [music] so and on earth.

754
00:35:17,519 --> 00:35:20,480
Give us day by day."

755
00:35:18,639 --> 00:35:21,838
Most of the Confederates are like Thomas

756
00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:23,838
Duncan.

757
00:35:21,838 --> 00:35:26,078
Forgive us our sins. [music]

758
00:35:23,838 --> 00:35:30,078
Raw recruits who have never tasted

759
00:35:26,079 --> 00:35:32,400
battle. We also forgive everyone.

760
00:35:30,079 --> 00:35:35,920
As night came [music] home, we lay down

761
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:38,599
in line of battle to rest and slumber,

762
00:35:35,920 --> 00:35:40,079
realizing the danger of the coming mourn

763
00:35:38,599 --> 00:35:43,200
[music]

764
00:35:40,079 --> 00:35:45,760
and the certainty that for many the next

765
00:35:43,199 --> 00:35:48,759
sunrise would be their [music] last on

766
00:35:45,760 --> 00:35:48,760
earth.

767
00:35:58,719 --> 00:36:04,159
Colonel Everett Peabody [music] commands

768
00:36:00,639 --> 00:36:06,400
a brigade on the Union front line.

769
00:36:04,159 --> 00:36:08,000
Unlike his superiors,

770
00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:12,559
Peabody believes the Confederate

771
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:15,440
presence is more than scouting parties.

772
00:36:12,559 --> 00:36:18,320
Despite orders not to engage the enemy,

773
00:36:15,440 --> 00:36:22,039
Peabody [music] orders 250 men out on a

774
00:36:18,320 --> 00:36:22,039
pre-dawn patrol.

775
00:36:26,719 --> 00:36:32,959
Just after 5:00 a.m. they step onto the

776
00:36:29,838 --> 00:36:37,320
farm of James Freilley, some 2 mi

777
00:36:32,960 --> 00:36:37,320
southwest of Shiloh Church.

778
00:36:54,159 --> 00:36:59,759
They are the opening shots

779
00:36:56,880 --> 00:37:04,119
of what will become the first epic

780
00:36:59,760 --> 00:37:04,119
battle of the Civil War.

781
00:37:05,199 --> 00:37:10,239
After an hour,

782
00:37:07,679 --> 00:37:13,239
Peabody's troops withdraw from Freighy

783
00:37:10,239 --> 00:37:13,239
Field.

784
00:37:14,885 --> 00:37:19,359
[music]

785
00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:22,880
It wasn't really until about sunrise

786
00:37:19,358 --> 00:37:24,880
that it really became clear on the Union

787
00:37:22,880 --> 00:37:27,329
side that they were up against

788
00:37:24,880 --> 00:37:29,349
Johnston's whole army.

789
00:37:27,329 --> 00:37:29,349
[cheering]

790
00:37:30,719 --> 00:37:35,358
Johnston realizes that he has the

791
00:37:33,039 --> 00:37:38,719
opportunity to alter the course of the

792
00:37:35,358 --> 00:37:42,920
war. He says to his men, "Today we must

793
00:37:38,719 --> 00:37:42,919
conquer or perish.

794
00:37:43,838 --> 00:37:48,400
And there had been warning signs for

795
00:37:45,519 --> 00:37:49,838
days that the Confederates were were not

796
00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:54,119
just up to something. There was

797
00:37:49,838 --> 00:37:54,119
something big in the works.

798
00:38:01,920 --> 00:38:08,639
And when it exploded,

799
00:38:04,880 --> 00:38:11,680
I mean, just all hell breaks loose.

800
00:38:08,639 --> 00:38:15,639
And the Confederate attack

801
00:38:11,679 --> 00:38:15,639
is really like a sledgehammer.

802
00:38:21,039 --> 00:38:25,679
Colonel Peabody's superior is General

803
00:38:23,920 --> 00:38:27,838
Benjamin Apprentice.

804
00:38:25,679 --> 00:38:29,679
Colonel Peabody, report.

805
00:38:27,838 --> 00:38:31,199
Sir, all indications are that there's a

806
00:38:29,679 --> 00:38:32,960
sizable force of Confederates that are

807
00:38:31,199 --> 00:38:34,879
coming up from the Coran.

808
00:38:32,960 --> 00:38:37,039
Apprentice accuses the young colonel of

809
00:38:34,880 --> 00:38:39,200
violating orders and bringing on the

810
00:38:37,039 --> 00:38:40,880
engagement. I didn't bring on an

811
00:38:39,199 --> 00:38:42,639
engagement. The whole Confederate army's

812
00:38:40,880 --> 00:38:45,039
marching on me, sir.

813
00:38:42,639 --> 00:38:45,679
Prenice was furiously

814
00:38:45,039 --> 00:38:48,000
on your shoulder.

815
00:38:45,679 --> 00:38:50,639
This had been contrary to orders and

816
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:53,440
Peabody had not gotten permission. And

817
00:38:50,639 --> 00:38:56,159
Prentice confronted Peabody and scolded

818
00:38:53,440 --> 00:38:59,030
him very severely for bringing on a

819
00:38:56,159 --> 00:38:59,679
fight.

820
00:38:59,030 --> 00:39:01,358
[cheering]

821
00:38:59,679 --> 00:39:05,279
Apprentice's heavily outnumbered

822
00:39:01,358 --> 00:39:07,838
division puts up stubborn resistance.

823
00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:11,720
But by 900 a.m.

824
00:39:07,838 --> 00:39:11,719
their defense crumbles.

825
00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:18,960
Killed while trying to rally his troops

826
00:39:15,358 --> 00:39:22,078
is Colonel Everett Peabody.

827
00:39:18,960 --> 00:39:25,358
In 4 hours of fighting at Shiloh, the

828
00:39:22,079 --> 00:39:27,920
Union suffers over 2,000 casualties.

829
00:39:25,358 --> 00:39:31,639
Half of Grant's soldiers at Shiloh have

830
00:39:27,920 --> 00:39:31,639
never been in combat.

831
00:39:38,331 --> 00:39:40,351
[music]

832
00:39:43,519 --> 00:39:49,838
There's that first time you get shot at

833
00:39:48,159 --> 00:39:53,838
and there's that [music] first time you

834
00:39:49,838 --> 00:39:56,726
realize that this is for real

835
00:39:53,838 --> 00:39:56,726
and that you could die. [music]

836
00:39:58,239 --> 00:40:04,039
You're seeing what artillery fire does

837
00:40:00,320 --> 00:40:04,039
to the [music] human body.

838
00:40:04,960 --> 00:40:11,480
You're seeing blood spilled in ways that

839
00:40:07,519 --> 00:40:11,480
that [music] you can't imagine.

840
00:40:11,679 --> 00:40:18,799
Those moments that really haunt men for

841
00:40:15,358 --> 00:40:20,400
the rest of their lives.

842
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:23,200
This is some of the [music] experience

843
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:26,240
in the woods around the Shiloh Church

844
00:40:23,199 --> 00:40:28,000
that morning is they're experiencing all

845
00:40:26,239 --> 00:40:30,639
the horrors of combat [music] for the

846
00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:33,679
first time. And you're seeing things

847
00:40:30,639 --> 00:40:36,679
that really violate all sense of

848
00:40:33,679 --> 00:40:36,679
decency.

849
00:40:45,199 --> 00:40:51,039
18-year-old Leander Stillwell is a

850
00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:53,519
private with the 61st Illinois.

851
00:40:51,039 --> 00:40:55,199
I was astonished at our first retreat in

852
00:40:53,519 --> 00:40:57,599
the morning.

853
00:40:55,199 --> 00:41:01,199
It seemed to me we were forever

854
00:40:57,599 --> 00:41:05,559
disgraced. I keep thinking to myself,

855
00:41:01,199 --> 00:41:05,559
what will they say about this at home?

856
00:41:11,199 --> 00:41:16,000
Instead of advancing, many of the

857
00:41:13,679 --> 00:41:18,480
Confederates break ranks to ransack

858
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:20,239
Union camps.

859
00:41:18,480 --> 00:41:23,679
Some have not eaten since leaving

860
00:41:20,239 --> 00:41:26,559
Corinth, Mississippi 3 days earlier.

861
00:41:23,679 --> 00:41:30,719
For many of the raw recruits, the spoils

862
00:41:26,559 --> 00:41:32,400
of war are too tempting to pass up.

863
00:41:30,719 --> 00:41:35,279
Johnston is infuriated [music] when he

864
00:41:32,400 --> 00:41:37,440
catches an officer plundering.

865
00:41:35,280 --> 00:41:39,519
Cut that down.

866
00:41:37,440 --> 00:41:42,720
To rally his men, Johnston [music] takes

867
00:41:39,519 --> 00:41:45,838
his own plunder, a simple tin cup.

868
00:41:42,719 --> 00:41:48,838
Let this be my fortune of the poor

869
00:41:45,838 --> 00:41:48,838
today.

870
00:41:52,400 --> 00:41:59,559
By midm morning, the Confederate advance

871
00:41:55,358 --> 00:41:59,559
reaches Shiloh Church.

872
00:42:01,119 --> 00:42:07,000
It is the scene of some of the most

873
00:42:02,719 --> 00:42:07,000
savage fighting for battle.

874
00:42:07,119 --> 00:42:11,119
Horses are screeching. Horses are dying.

875
00:42:09,679 --> 00:42:14,118
People are getting hit. They're

876
00:42:11,119 --> 00:42:14,119
screaming.

877
00:42:14,639 --> 00:42:18,960
They're calling for their mothers.

878
00:42:16,559 --> 00:42:23,358
They're calling on God.

879
00:42:18,960 --> 00:42:23,358
It just it's just mass confusion.

880
00:42:23,920 --> 00:42:30,639
Most soldiers engaged at Shiloh are

881
00:42:26,719 --> 00:42:33,838
between 18 and 30 years old. At a battle

882
00:42:30,639 --> 00:42:36,879
like Shiloh, they realize it's not all

883
00:42:33,838 --> 00:42:39,039
about adventure. It's not all about

884
00:42:36,880 --> 00:42:42,720
lofty concepts like honor and

885
00:42:39,039 --> 00:42:46,559
independence. They realize it's about

886
00:42:42,719 --> 00:42:49,598
killing. And for many of them, this is

887
00:42:46,559 --> 00:42:51,599
an uncomfortable to say the least

888
00:42:49,599 --> 00:42:53,838
realization.

889
00:42:51,599 --> 00:42:56,720
They don't easily transition into

890
00:42:53,838 --> 00:42:58,639
becoming killing machines. They have a

891
00:42:56,719 --> 00:43:00,318
great deal of ambivalence about

892
00:42:58,639 --> 00:43:03,799
shouldering these weapons and actually

893
00:43:00,318 --> 00:43:03,800
killing people.

894
00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:10,160
16-year-old musician John Cocker arrived

895
00:43:07,599 --> 00:43:14,039
with his father, the commander of the

896
00:43:10,159 --> 00:43:14,039
70th Ohio Infantry.

897
00:43:14,880 --> 00:43:20,519
John and his father become separated

898
00:43:16,719 --> 00:43:20,519
near Shiloh Church.

899
00:43:25,519 --> 00:43:30,318
Young cockro soon finds himself aiding

900
00:43:27,760 --> 00:43:32,560
the wounded.

901
00:43:30,318 --> 00:43:36,599
Near Shiloh Church, passing soldiers

902
00:43:32,559 --> 00:43:36,599
called for me to assist them.

903
00:43:37,358 --> 00:43:41,679
We carried the poor fellow to the rear

904
00:43:39,119 --> 00:43:45,559
and found there a scene of disorder.

905
00:43:41,679 --> 00:43:45,559
Have to say panic.

906
00:43:48,480 --> 00:43:52,880
The enemy began pressing closely and

907
00:43:50,719 --> 00:43:55,759
Shiloh Church was no more a desirable

908
00:43:52,880 --> 00:43:59,680
place for my military observations. I

909
00:43:55,760 --> 00:44:01,700
started towards the Tennessee River.

910
00:43:59,679 --> 00:44:01,699
[music]

911
00:44:02,559 --> 00:44:06,400
I had not proceeded more than a mile

912
00:44:04,639 --> 00:44:08,318
when I encountered General John

913
00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:09,920
MacArthur's Highland Brigade of Illinois

914
00:44:08,318 --> 00:44:11,679
troops.

915
00:44:09,920 --> 00:44:14,720
A chipper young lieutenant stopped me

916
00:44:11,679 --> 00:44:17,358
and asked where did I belong? I replied

917
00:44:14,719 --> 00:44:20,078
that [music] I belonged to Ohio. He said

918
00:44:17,358 --> 00:44:21,598
that Ohio was making a bad show of it,

919
00:44:20,079 --> 00:44:24,800
then asked if [music] I wanted to fight

920
00:44:21,599 --> 00:44:27,760
with them. I responded I was willing to

921
00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:30,079
take a temporary birth in his regiment.

922
00:44:27,760 --> 00:44:33,200
Thus, I became attached to company B of

923
00:44:30,079 --> 00:44:36,079
the 9th Illinois regiment.

924
00:44:33,199 --> 00:44:37,679
John Cochrell doesn't realize it, but he

925
00:44:36,079 --> 00:44:40,160
has joined a unit that will have the

926
00:44:37,679 --> 00:44:43,440
highest casualty rate of all Union

927
00:44:40,159 --> 00:44:45,920
regiments at Shiloh.

928
00:44:43,440 --> 00:44:47,760
In 5 hours of brutal fighting, the

929
00:44:45,920 --> 00:44:50,880
Confederates managed to overrun the

930
00:44:47,760 --> 00:44:53,040
forward Union camps. Fresh Union

931
00:44:50,880 --> 00:44:56,240
divisions move forward from Pittsburgh

932
00:44:53,039 --> 00:44:58,079
landing to help stop the onslaught.

933
00:44:56,239 --> 00:45:02,000
Johnston [music] personally supervises

934
00:44:58,079 --> 00:45:05,760
the Confederate right while General PGT

935
00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:08,400
Bogard oversees the left.

936
00:45:05,760 --> 00:45:12,520
By 11:00 a.m., the battle rages along a

937
00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:12,519
crooked 3mile front.

938
00:45:13,920 --> 00:45:18,960
US Grant has completely underestimated

939
00:45:16,719 --> 00:45:20,719
the Confederates.

940
00:45:18,960 --> 00:45:22,800
It is a mistake he will never make

941
00:45:20,719 --> 00:45:24,719
again.

942
00:45:22,800 --> 00:45:27,720
At noon, Grant orders Sherman to

943
00:45:24,719 --> 00:45:27,719
counterattack.

944
00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:40,280
You begin to see the Confederate attack

945
00:45:36,639 --> 00:45:40,279
start to splinter.

946
00:45:42,719 --> 00:45:48,959
They're not able to deal that that final

947
00:45:45,920 --> 00:45:51,358
lethal blow.

948
00:45:48,960 --> 00:45:54,800
The Confederate attack

949
00:45:51,358 --> 00:45:56,639
is beginning to lose a lot of its steam.

950
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:59,599
After some of the most severe fighting

951
00:45:56,639 --> 00:46:01,358
at Shiloh, Sherman grudgingly gives

952
00:45:59,599 --> 00:46:03,039
ground.

953
00:46:01,358 --> 00:46:06,639
But their decimated divisions have

954
00:46:03,039 --> 00:46:10,279
bought Grant what he needs most,

955
00:46:06,639 --> 00:46:10,279
precious time.

956
00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:19,358
Adding to the Confederates woe at Shiloh

957
00:46:16,159 --> 00:46:22,000
is the hellish terrain itself.

958
00:46:19,358 --> 00:46:24,078
A morass of dense woods, thick

959
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:27,719
undergrowth, and deep ravines through

960
00:46:24,079 --> 00:46:27,720
which they must advance.

961
00:46:28,719 --> 00:46:34,358
Most serious is the awful carnage.

962
00:46:37,838 --> 00:46:42,639
Earlier in the day at Rave Field, the

963
00:46:40,480 --> 00:46:46,920
Sixth Mississippi marched straight into

964
00:46:42,639 --> 00:46:46,920
a murderous Union crossfire.

965
00:46:49,838 --> 00:46:57,358
In mere moments, 300 of the regiment's

966
00:46:53,039 --> 00:47:00,079
425 soldiers were cut down.

967
00:46:57,358 --> 00:47:02,639
The slaughter of the Sixth Mississippi

968
00:47:00,079 --> 00:47:07,839
is one of many such scenes repeated

969
00:47:02,639 --> 00:47:10,239
again and again at Shiloh.

970
00:47:07,838 --> 00:47:13,119
I think that the reason for the

971
00:47:10,239 --> 00:47:16,559
extremely high casualty list at Shiloh

972
00:47:13,119 --> 00:47:18,559
was simply that you had two sides that

973
00:47:16,559 --> 00:47:20,880
were very similar

974
00:47:18,559 --> 00:47:23,599
in the motivation

975
00:47:20,880 --> 00:47:28,599
and they were simply very determined to

976
00:47:23,599 --> 00:47:28,599
prevail and and not to be beaten.

977
00:47:29,920 --> 00:47:34,639
I think if they had been using short

978
00:47:32,480 --> 00:47:36,800
swords, they probably would have stood

979
00:47:34,639 --> 00:47:38,719
up against each other and hacked at each

980
00:47:36,800 --> 00:47:42,079
other until they had killed about that

981
00:47:38,719 --> 00:47:44,318
many of each other.

982
00:47:42,079 --> 00:47:46,640
Though staggered, the majority of

983
00:47:44,318 --> 00:47:49,920
Johnston's army continues to engage the

984
00:47:46,639 --> 00:47:52,400
Union left and right.

985
00:47:49,920 --> 00:47:54,639
Meanwhile, another fight erupts. This

986
00:47:52,400 --> 00:47:58,039
one in an oak thicket choking the center

987
00:47:54,639 --> 00:47:58,039
of the battlefield.

988
00:48:00,880 --> 00:48:05,119
Since midm morning, Union soldiers have

989
00:48:03,440 --> 00:48:08,679
been putting up a stubborn defense in

990
00:48:05,119 --> 00:48:08,680
the thick underbrush.

991
00:48:09,039 --> 00:48:12,960
And the Confederate soldiers hearing the

992
00:48:11,519 --> 00:48:15,519
Union bullets whistling through the

993
00:48:12,960 --> 00:48:19,000
thicket referred to the area as the

994
00:48:15,519 --> 00:48:19,000
Hornets's Nest.

995
00:48:28,079 --> 00:48:34,079
Over the course of 4 hours,

996
00:48:31,599 --> 00:48:37,039
Confederate troops repeatedly storm the

997
00:48:34,079 --> 00:48:40,440
Hornets's nest. Each time they are

998
00:48:37,039 --> 00:48:40,440
driven back,

999
00:48:40,559 --> 00:48:47,319
Colonel Randall Lee Gibson commands a

1000
00:48:42,719 --> 00:48:47,318
brigade from Louisiana and Arkansas.

1001
00:48:47,358 --> 00:48:51,440
Four times the assault proved [music]

1002
00:48:49,358 --> 00:48:53,519
unavailing.

1003
00:48:51,440 --> 00:48:56,240
the strong and almost inaccessible

1004
00:48:53,519 --> 00:48:57,920
position of the enemy. His infantry

1005
00:48:56,239 --> 00:48:59,838
well-coveted an ambush and his [music]

1006
00:48:57,920 --> 00:49:02,000
artillery skillfully posted and

1007
00:48:59,838 --> 00:49:05,039
efficiently served was found to be

1008
00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:09,400
impregnable to infantry alone. [music]

1009
00:49:05,039 --> 00:49:09,400
We were repulsed.

1010
00:49:10,639 --> 00:49:16,000
It's one of those situations where the

1011
00:49:13,280 --> 00:49:19,359
geography plays a role. The hornets nest

1012
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:21,838
is a very difficult place to get to. So

1013
00:49:19,358 --> 00:49:25,239
it does come down to geography and just

1014
00:49:21,838 --> 00:49:25,239
sheer determination.

1015
00:49:26,960 --> 00:49:31,440
Johnston [music] is determined to crush

1016
00:49:28,800 --> 00:49:33,280
the federal stronghold.

1017
00:49:31,440 --> 00:49:34,800
Stubborn over there.

1018
00:49:33,280 --> 00:49:36,880
The Confederate commander will

1019
00:49:34,800 --> 00:49:39,119
personally rally a group who has refused

1020
00:49:36,880 --> 00:49:40,960
to [music] charge.

1021
00:49:39,119 --> 00:49:42,400
The Yankees were stubborn, he said. And

1022
00:49:40,960 --> 00:49:44,480
and you're going to have to give them

1023
00:49:42,400 --> 00:49:45,838
the bayonet. Johnston leaned out and

1024
00:49:44,480 --> 00:49:48,079
tapped their bayonets with [music] his

1025
00:49:45,838 --> 00:49:49,199
tin cup. We're going to have TO USE THE

1026
00:49:48,079 --> 00:49:51,200
BAYONET.

1027
00:49:49,199 --> 00:49:52,960
AS he got to the middle of their line,

1028
00:49:51,199 --> 00:49:57,368
he turned his horse toward the enemy and

1029
00:49:52,960 --> 00:49:57,369
he said, "I will lead you." [cheering]

1030
00:49:59,119 --> 00:50:03,519
They are advanced by Johnston into a

1031
00:50:01,199 --> 00:50:06,519
peach orchard just east of the Hornets's

1032
00:50:03,519 --> 00:50:06,519
nest.

1033
00:50:07,039 --> 00:50:12,800
At the peach orchard is some of the most

1034
00:50:09,440 --> 00:50:15,599
bitter fighting of Shiloh, Private Sam

1035
00:50:12,800 --> 00:50:18,400
Watkins of the First Tennessee.

1036
00:50:15,599 --> 00:50:21,359
I had heard and read of battlefields,

1037
00:50:18,400 --> 00:50:24,800
seen pictures of battlefields,

1038
00:50:21,358 --> 00:50:26,558
horses and men, cannon and wagons all

1039
00:50:24,800 --> 00:50:29,680
jumbled together while the ground was

1040
00:50:26,559 --> 00:50:34,720
strewn with dead and dying and wounded.

1041
00:50:29,679 --> 00:50:37,039
But I must confess that I never realized

1042
00:50:34,719 --> 00:50:42,480
the pomp and circumstance of the thing

1043
00:50:37,039 --> 00:50:46,159
called glorious war till I saw this.

1044
00:50:42,480 --> 00:50:49,769
It all seemed to me

1045
00:50:46,159 --> 00:50:49,769
a dream. [music]

1046
00:50:50,480 --> 00:50:55,599
With the battle raging around the peach

1047
00:50:52,719 --> 00:50:58,639
orchard, an aid to General Johnston

1048
00:50:55,599 --> 00:51:00,480
finds the Confederate commander

1049
00:50:58,639 --> 00:51:02,719
reeling in his saddle.

1050
00:51:00,480 --> 00:51:04,400
Said, "General, are you wounded?"

1051
00:51:02,719 --> 00:51:06,480
Johnston said, "Yes, [music] and I fear

1052
00:51:04,400 --> 00:51:08,318
seriously."

1053
00:51:06,480 --> 00:51:09,760
This subornet led Johnston into a place

1054
00:51:08,318 --> 00:51:12,480
that was sheltered and held him off his

1055
00:51:09,760 --> 00:51:14,319
horse.

1056
00:51:12,480 --> 00:51:15,358
General, [music] sir, please respond to

1057
00:51:14,318 --> 00:51:17,358
us. I see nothing.

1058
00:51:15,358 --> 00:51:18,239
He began looking for the wound. He

1059
00:51:17,358 --> 00:51:19,838
couldn't find it.

1060
00:51:18,239 --> 00:51:20,639
I don't see anything else, Captain

1061
00:51:19,838 --> 00:51:22,239
myself.

1062
00:51:20,639 --> 00:51:23,519
He's poking around in Johnston's

1063
00:51:22,239 --> 00:51:24,159
clothes. Where's the wound? He couldn't

1064
00:51:23,519 --> 00:51:25,838
find it.

1065
00:51:24,159 --> 00:51:27,759
We don't know what's wrong with him.

1066
00:51:25,838 --> 00:51:28,318
Johnston had quickly lost consciousness

1067
00:51:27,760 --> 00:51:31,520
completely.

1068
00:51:28,318 --> 00:51:33,039
You know me? Do you know me? Justin.

1069
00:51:31,519 --> 00:51:34,880
Justin.

1070
00:51:33,039 --> 00:51:37,679
Johnston.

1071
00:51:34,880 --> 00:51:40,400
Behind Johnston's knee, a bullet has

1072
00:51:37,679 --> 00:51:43,039
lacerated a large artery.

1073
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:46,039
In less than 20 minutes, he bleeds to

1074
00:51:43,039 --> 00:51:46,039
death.

1075
00:51:46,699 --> 00:51:50,078
[music]

1076
00:51:47,838 --> 00:51:52,159
General Albert Sydney Johnston will be

1077
00:51:50,079 --> 00:51:55,480
the highest ranked officer killed in the

1078
00:51:52,159 --> 00:51:55,480
Civil War.

1079
00:51:55,760 --> 00:52:00,240
The day that began with so much promise

1080
00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:02,079
ends with [music] the death of the man

1081
00:52:00,239 --> 00:52:06,399
Jefferson Davis considered to be the

1082
00:52:02,079 --> 00:52:08,480
finest officer in the Confederacy.

1083
00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:10,559
Word of Johnston's death slowly makes

1084
00:52:08,480 --> 00:52:13,559
its way through the Confederate ranks at

1085
00:52:10,559 --> 00:52:13,559
Shiloh.

1086
00:52:15,199 --> 00:52:22,000
A soldier from Louisiana remarks,

1087
00:52:18,318 --> 00:52:25,346
"A chilliness of gloom crept over our

1088
00:52:22,000 --> 00:52:27,365
entire command."

1089
00:52:25,346 --> 00:52:27,365
[music]

1090
00:52:33,519 --> 00:52:38,559
I think for the Confederate forces, you

1091
00:52:36,800 --> 00:52:41,200
know, east and west, because this is a

1092
00:52:38,559 --> 00:52:43,040
two-f frontont war, there are several

1093
00:52:41,199 --> 00:52:47,838
episodes early on where they had a

1094
00:52:43,039 --> 00:52:50,159
legitimate chance to really drive a a a

1095
00:52:47,838 --> 00:52:52,639
knife into the heart of the US war

1096
00:52:50,159 --> 00:52:56,639
effort. And I would say that in the west

1097
00:52:52,639 --> 00:52:59,440
that Shiloh's that first that first day,

1098
00:52:56,639 --> 00:53:03,078
that was their chance to totally alter

1099
00:52:59,440 --> 00:53:03,079
the course of the war.

1100
00:53:03,990 --> 00:53:06,010
[music]

1101
00:53:19,280 --> 00:53:24,400
In the hellish terrain surrounding a

1102
00:53:21,599 --> 00:53:26,000
simple log structure known as Shiloh

1103
00:53:24,400 --> 00:53:29,039
Church

1104
00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:32,039
rages the first epic battle of the Civil

1105
00:53:29,039 --> 00:53:32,039
War.

1106
00:53:42,639 --> 00:53:48,639
In a dawn attack, nearly 44,000

1107
00:53:46,079 --> 00:53:50,160
Confederates, led by General Albert

1108
00:53:48,639 --> 00:53:54,279
Sydney Johnston, [music]

1109
00:53:50,159 --> 00:53:54,279
surprised the Union Army.

1110
00:53:55,679 --> 00:54:00,799
The federal troops had boldly advanced

1111
00:53:57,920 --> 00:54:02,880
into southwest Tennessee. with the hopes

1112
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:06,920
of winning a grand battle that they

1113
00:54:02,880 --> 00:54:06,920
believe will end the war.

1114
00:54:07,199 --> 00:54:14,358
A few hours into the Battle of Shiloh,

1115
00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:14,358
those hopes are all but dashed.

1116
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:20,239
By midday,

1117
00:54:17,838 --> 00:54:22,719
Union generals Ulyses Srant and William

1118
00:54:20,239 --> 00:54:25,598
Tecumpsa Sherman rally their stunned

1119
00:54:22,719 --> 00:54:28,879
troops.

1120
00:54:25,599 --> 00:54:31,760
The Confederate attack loses steam. For

1121
00:54:28,880 --> 00:54:36,318
most, Shiloh is their first taste of

1122
00:54:31,760 --> 00:54:39,200
battle. The casualties are unimaginable.

1123
00:54:36,318 --> 00:54:41,759
Even Johnston, considered by many to be

1124
00:54:39,199 --> 00:54:42,960
the best of the Confederate generals,

1125
00:54:41,760 --> 00:54:45,520
lies dead.

1126
00:54:42,960 --> 00:54:46,720
Johnston. Johnston, do you know me? Do

1127
00:54:45,519 --> 00:54:50,079
you know me?

1128
00:54:46,719 --> 00:54:53,759
Now, Shiloh becomes the first of the big

1129
00:54:50,079 --> 00:54:56,318
slaughters of the Civil War. The loss of

1130
00:54:53,760 --> 00:54:58,079
life, the [snorts] wounds at Shiloh are

1131
00:54:56,318 --> 00:55:01,599
on a scale that the United States had

1132
00:54:58,079 --> 00:55:03,519
not previously encountered.

1133
00:55:01,599 --> 00:55:06,400
By midafternoon,

1134
00:55:03,519 --> 00:55:08,480
the fight shifts from the Union flanks

1135
00:55:06,400 --> 00:55:10,559
to a dense thicket in the center of the

1136
00:55:08,480 --> 00:55:13,280
battlefield.

1137
00:55:10,559 --> 00:55:17,040
At a place survivors would later dub the

1138
00:55:13,280 --> 00:55:22,359
Hornets's nest, 6,000 stubborn Union

1139
00:55:17,039 --> 00:55:22,358
soldiers repulsed attack after attack.

1140
00:55:22,853 --> 00:55:24,873
[music]

1141
00:55:29,838 --> 00:55:34,480
After hours of failed peacemeal

1142
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:36,400
assaults, Confederate leaders begin

1143
00:55:34,480 --> 00:55:39,519
shifting every available cannon on the

1144
00:55:36,400 --> 00:55:41,838
Shiloh battlefield,

1145
00:55:39,519 --> 00:55:45,777
the batteries now take aim at the

1146
00:55:41,838 --> 00:55:47,797
Hornets's Nest just 300 yd away.

1147
00:55:45,777 --> 00:55:47,797
[screaming]

1148
00:55:56,079 --> 00:56:00,318
For more than an hour,

1149
00:55:58,400 --> 00:56:03,599
Confederate guns pound away at the

1150
00:56:00,318 --> 00:56:08,838
Hornets's nest.

1151
00:56:03,599 --> 00:56:08,838
The barrage pins down the Union forces.

1152
00:56:10,079 --> 00:56:14,798
The brutal combat at Shiloh marks the

1153
00:56:12,639 --> 00:56:16,639
first Titanic battle of the Western

1154
00:56:14,798 --> 00:56:18,480
campaign.

1155
00:56:16,639 --> 00:56:20,719
The federal armies have invaded,

1156
00:56:18,480 --> 00:56:23,679
intending to sever a crucial railroad

1157
00:56:20,719 --> 00:56:25,279
junction just 20 mi south at Corinth,

1158
00:56:23,679 --> 00:56:27,519
Mississippi.

1159
00:56:25,280 --> 00:56:29,920
The railroad is the Confederacy's only

1160
00:56:27,519 --> 00:56:34,519
complete line connecting the Mississippi

1161
00:56:29,920 --> 00:56:34,519
Valley to the Atlantic Ocean.

1162
00:56:35,838 --> 00:56:41,679
In the East, the Union has already been

1163
00:56:38,559 --> 00:56:45,760
humiliated at Bull Run, a battle just 20

1164
00:56:41,679 --> 00:56:47,679
m from the White House. Another defeat,

1165
00:56:45,760 --> 00:56:50,480
this time in lands then known as the

1166
00:56:47,679 --> 00:56:53,358
West, will be a crushing blow to Abraham

1167
00:56:50,480 --> 00:56:56,358
Lincoln's hope of reunifying a divided

1168
00:56:53,358 --> 00:56:56,358
nation.

1169
00:56:56,559 --> 00:57:02,798
The Western Theater, I argue, is the

1170
00:56:59,280 --> 00:57:05,359
most significant part of the war. Had it

1171
00:57:02,798 --> 00:57:07,280
not been for that activity in the

1172
00:57:05,358 --> 00:57:09,199
Western theater, that war might have

1173
00:57:07,280 --> 00:57:11,599
gone on forever and the number of

1174
00:57:09,199 --> 00:57:13,439
casualties would have been greater. It's

1175
00:57:11,599 --> 00:57:16,400
clear to me in any way that that the

1176
00:57:13,440 --> 00:57:18,480
western theater is where the war war was

1177
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:22,000
either won if you're a Union supporter

1178
00:57:18,480 --> 00:57:24,639
or lost if you're a Confederate.

1179
00:57:22,000 --> 00:57:27,119
A Confederate victory at Shiloh would be

1180
00:57:24,639 --> 00:57:29,440
a giant step toward the goal of southern

1181
00:57:27,119 --> 00:57:31,280
independence.

1182
00:57:29,440 --> 00:57:33,358
Steady, boys. Steady.

1183
00:57:31,280 --> 00:57:36,480
While the battle rages in the Hornets's

1184
00:57:33,358 --> 00:57:38,400
Nest, another fight is about to explode

1185
00:57:36,480 --> 00:57:40,079
in the steep terrain overlooking the

1186
00:57:38,400 --> 00:57:41,519
Tennessee River.

1187
00:57:40,079 --> 00:57:44,720
We can do it, boys.

1188
00:57:41,519 --> 00:57:46,798
There, a frightened John Cocherel stands

1189
00:57:44,719 --> 00:57:48,239
among the ranks of the 9inth Illinois.

1190
00:57:46,798 --> 00:57:51,039
Rebels are coming, but we're going to

1191
00:57:48,239 --> 00:57:53,358
hold our ground. You understand that?

1192
00:57:51,039 --> 00:57:55,358
Ohio, you're going to stick with us.

1193
00:57:53,358 --> 00:57:57,759
We'll get you through this today. We

1194
00:57:55,358 --> 00:58:01,960
will be victorious, boys. We'll get you

1195
00:57:57,760 --> 00:58:01,960
back to your family and to your unit.

1196
00:58:06,480 --> 00:58:11,519
Earlier in the day, the 16-year-old from

1197
00:58:09,280 --> 00:58:14,000
Ohio became separated from his father's

1198
00:58:11,519 --> 00:58:17,480
regiment during the fierce clash near

1199
00:58:14,000 --> 00:58:17,480
Shiloh Church.

1200
00:58:20,880 --> 00:58:25,358
A lieutenant with the 9inth Illinois

1201
00:58:23,199 --> 00:58:28,358
convinced the young Ohio to fight with

1202
00:58:25,358 --> 00:58:28,358
them.

1203
00:58:28,639 --> 00:58:35,358
Now Cochril and the others wait for an

1204
00:58:32,079 --> 00:58:38,400
attack that is sure to come.

1205
00:58:35,358 --> 00:58:40,480
Everything looked weird and unnatural.

1206
00:58:38,400 --> 00:58:42,079
The leaves on the trees, though scarcely

1207
00:58:40,480 --> 00:58:47,079
out of [music] the bud, seemed greener

1208
00:58:42,079 --> 00:58:47,079
than I had ever seen leaves and larger.

1209
00:58:51,144 --> 00:58:53,164
[cheering and screaming]

1210
00:59:06,480 --> 00:59:13,519
With a suddeness, there came from all

1211
00:59:08,798 --> 00:59:15,599
along our front a crash of musketry.

1212
00:59:13,519 --> 00:59:18,599
Actions took the grotesque form of

1213
00:59:15,599 --> 00:59:18,599
nightmares.

1214
00:59:19,119 --> 00:59:24,079
The roar and den of the battle and all

1215
00:59:21,119 --> 00:59:27,280
its terror outstripped my most fanciful

1216
00:59:24,079 --> 00:59:30,240
dreams of pandemonium.

1217
00:59:27,280 --> 00:59:33,040
For nearly 3 hours, Confederates deliver

1218
00:59:30,239 --> 00:59:36,039
what Cocharo calls a dreadful baptism of

1219
00:59:33,039 --> 00:59:36,039
fire.

1220
00:59:40,079 --> 00:59:44,640
Among those killed is Frederick E.

1221
00:59:42,239 --> 00:59:46,798
Voggler, the chipper young lieutenant

1222
00:59:44,639 --> 00:59:49,496
who invited young Cocharel to fight with

1223
00:59:46,798 --> 00:59:49,496
his regimen. [music]

1224
00:59:51,679 --> 00:59:56,960
The enemy fire became so terrible, we

1225
00:59:54,159 --> 00:59:59,920
were driven into the ravine. We kept

1226
00:59:56,960 --> 01:00:03,639
firing as long as cartridges lasted.

1227
00:59:59,920 --> 01:00:03,639
Let's go. Let's go.

1228
01:00:06,960 --> 01:00:12,400
It was at this point our blue line

1229
01:00:09,199 --> 01:00:14,558
wavered. Out of the ravine we survivors

1230
01:00:12,400 --> 01:00:17,559
poured, pursued [music] by the howling

1231
01:00:14,559 --> 01:00:17,559
enemy.

1232
01:00:17,679 --> 01:00:22,318
I remember my horror at the thought of

1233
01:00:19,920 --> 01:00:25,599
being shot in the back as I retreated

1234
01:00:22,318 --> 01:00:29,358
from the top of the bank and galloped as

1235
01:00:25,599 --> 01:00:32,079
gracefully as I could.

1236
01:00:29,358 --> 01:00:34,880
Interestingly, the soldiers referred to

1237
01:00:32,079 --> 01:00:36,640
first experience of combat as seeing the

1238
01:00:34,880 --> 01:00:39,680
elephant.

1239
01:00:36,639 --> 01:00:42,078
And when you think about the the what an

1240
01:00:39,679 --> 01:00:45,039
elephant looks like and what an elephant

1241
01:00:42,079 --> 01:00:47,081
might do to you, it gives you, I think,

1242
01:00:45,039 --> 01:00:50,798
kind of a good insight into the into the

1243
01:00:47,081 --> 01:00:53,358
[music] way these people felt.

1244
01:00:50,798 --> 01:00:56,239
In this blood bath, the 9inth Illinois

1245
01:00:53,358 --> 01:00:59,838
loses more men killed and wounded than

1246
01:00:56,239 --> 01:01:04,239
any Union regiment at Shiloh.

1247
01:00:59,838 --> 01:01:06,239
Cochel somehow survives the slaughter.

1248
01:01:04,239 --> 01:01:10,479
He joins a line of Union stragglers

1249
01:01:06,239 --> 01:01:12,959
retreating back to the Tennessee River.

1250
01:01:10,480 --> 01:01:15,119
The crowd of fear stricken and dejected

1251
01:01:12,960 --> 01:01:16,480
soldiers. I met a man who belonged to my

1252
01:01:15,119 --> 01:01:17,920
father's regiment.

1253
01:01:16,480 --> 01:01:19,599
Have you seen my dad?

1254
01:01:17,920 --> 01:01:21,358
Inquiring of the fate of the regiment.

1255
01:01:19,599 --> 01:01:24,318
He told me

1256
01:01:21,358 --> 01:01:27,036
it had been an entirely cut to pieces

1257
01:01:24,318 --> 01:01:29,440
and he had personally witnessed the

1258
01:01:27,036 --> 01:01:31,039
[music] death of my father.

1259
01:01:29,440 --> 01:01:32,720
Seen him shot from his horse.

1260
01:01:31,039 --> 01:01:35,358
Sorry, son.

1261
01:01:32,719 --> 01:01:37,759
This filled me with dismay and I

1262
01:01:35,358 --> 01:01:43,239
determined, non-combatant that [music] I

1263
01:01:37,760 --> 01:01:43,240
was, to retire from the battlefield.

1264
01:01:48,639 --> 01:01:54,078
For federals in the Hornets's Nest, the

1265
01:01:51,039 --> 01:01:56,480
situation has grown desperate.

1266
01:01:54,079 --> 01:01:58,798
In late afternoon, both flanks of the

1267
01:01:56,480 --> 01:02:01,358
Confederate army press forward,

1268
01:01:58,798 --> 01:02:03,280
tightening the noose.

1269
01:02:01,358 --> 01:02:06,279
The stubborn Union soldiers are

1270
01:02:03,280 --> 01:02:06,280
surrounded.

1271
01:02:14,960 --> 01:02:19,039
Some federal troops managed to slip out

1272
01:02:17,280 --> 01:02:22,000
of the trap.

1273
01:02:19,039 --> 01:02:24,558
But for many, there is no escape.

1274
01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:27,199
Take him up the hill. Leave him up the

1275
01:02:24,559 --> 01:02:29,200
hill. General Benjamin Apprentice, who

1276
01:02:27,199 --> 01:02:31,919
survived the opening Confederate assault

1277
01:02:29,199 --> 01:02:33,759
some 10 hours earlier,

1278
01:02:31,920 --> 01:02:36,318
finds himself surrounded in a wooded

1279
01:02:33,760 --> 01:02:38,720
ravine.

1280
01:02:36,318 --> 01:02:41,440
Apprentice surrenders along with more

1281
01:02:38,719 --> 01:02:45,159
than 2,200 Union soldiers.

1282
01:02:41,440 --> 01:02:45,159
You're a prisoner now.

1283
01:02:47,358 --> 01:02:53,598
Union commander Ulissiz S. Grant hastily

1284
01:02:50,559 --> 01:02:56,000
establishes a two-mile long last line of

1285
01:02:53,599 --> 01:02:58,079
defense.

1286
01:02:56,000 --> 01:03:03,358
The Confederates mount one final

1287
01:02:58,079 --> 01:03:06,000
assault, but the Union line stands firm.

1288
01:03:03,358 --> 01:03:07,598
After 13 hours of fighting, the

1289
01:03:06,000 --> 01:03:12,599
exhausted Confederate troops [music]

1290
01:03:07,599 --> 01:03:12,599
pull back to the captured Union camps.

1291
01:03:13,599 --> 01:03:19,920
With Albert Sydney Johnston dead,

1292
01:03:16,559 --> 01:03:22,798
General PGT Bogard assumes command.

1293
01:03:19,920 --> 01:03:25,519
Take him to a team. Yes, sir.

1294
01:03:22,798 --> 01:03:27,599
At his headquarters near Shiloh Church,

1295
01:03:25,519 --> 01:03:30,880
he dispatches a message to Confederate

1296
01:03:27,599 --> 01:03:33,599
President Jefferson Davis describing a

1297
01:03:30,880 --> 01:03:35,519
complete victory.

1298
01:03:33,599 --> 01:03:37,920
16-year-old Thomas Duncan is a

1299
01:03:35,519 --> 01:03:40,639
Confederate courier.

1300
01:03:37,920 --> 01:03:42,480
With a seeming victory in our grasp, and

1301
01:03:40,639 --> 01:03:44,239
with the brave, though depleted, and

1302
01:03:42,480 --> 01:03:47,440
disorganized, Army of the Blue [music]

1303
01:03:44,239 --> 01:03:51,519
at bay at River's Brink,

1304
01:03:47,440 --> 01:03:54,798
we saw the battle cease for the day.

1305
01:03:51,519 --> 01:03:57,038
But US Grant is not ready to concede

1306
01:03:54,798 --> 01:04:00,880
defeat.

1307
01:03:57,039 --> 01:04:03,359
He knows reinforcements are on the way.

1308
01:04:00,880 --> 01:04:07,119
Not beaten by a damn sight, [music] he

1309
01:04:03,358 --> 01:04:11,119
mutters. Though bloodied, Grant's army

1310
01:04:07,119 --> 01:04:14,318
had survived to fight another day.

1311
01:04:11,119 --> 01:04:16,160
And Grant was at the moment of crisis.

1312
01:04:14,318 --> 01:04:18,480
And even the great commanders have

1313
01:04:16,159 --> 01:04:21,038
moments of crisis. He always, I think,

1314
01:04:18,480 --> 01:04:22,559
believed in himself in that capacity. I

1315
01:04:21,039 --> 01:04:25,119
don't think there a man like Grant ever

1316
01:04:22,559 --> 01:04:27,519
had a doubt that he would win.

1317
01:04:25,119 --> 01:04:29,838
All of the high officers, with one

1318
01:04:27,519 --> 01:04:32,000
exception, seemed to believe that they

1319
01:04:29,838 --> 01:04:35,199
would pull out, that they would cross

1320
01:04:32,000 --> 01:04:36,639
the river during the night and escape.

1321
01:04:35,199 --> 01:04:40,679
The one exception to all this, of

1322
01:04:36,639 --> 01:04:40,679
course, was Grant himself.

1323
01:04:41,920 --> 01:04:47,119
Night comes

1324
01:04:44,798 --> 01:04:48,159
and Sherman comes up to him really to

1325
01:04:47,119 --> 01:04:50,960
see, well, what's going to happen? What

1326
01:04:48,159 --> 01:04:53,118
are we going to do in the next day?

1327
01:04:50,960 --> 01:04:55,199
And Sherman says to him, "Well, Grant,

1328
01:04:53,119 --> 01:04:56,400
we've had the devil's own time today,

1329
01:04:55,199 --> 01:05:00,879
haven't we?"

1330
01:04:56,400 --> 01:05:02,400
And Grant looks at Sherman and says,

1331
01:05:00,880 --> 01:05:05,760
"Yep,

1332
01:05:02,400 --> 01:05:08,240
we'll lick him tomorrow, though."

1333
01:05:05,760 --> 01:05:10,400
And Sherman is just taken back. This

1334
01:05:08,239 --> 01:05:13,759
guy's not going to retreat. He's going

1335
01:05:10,400 --> 01:05:16,000
to go on the offensive the next day. And

1336
01:05:13,760 --> 01:05:19,680
this is an incredible

1337
01:05:16,000 --> 01:05:21,519
thing to do.

1338
01:05:19,679 --> 01:05:26,960
I I think that certain people are placed

1339
01:05:21,519 --> 01:05:29,199
in certain places by luck or by fate and

1340
01:05:26,960 --> 01:05:33,599
Grant was in the right spot.

1341
01:05:29,199 --> 01:05:36,159
I cannot think of any general at this

1342
01:05:33,599 --> 01:05:39,880
time in the history of the war who would

1343
01:05:36,159 --> 01:05:39,879
have done the same thing.

1344
01:05:44,719 --> 01:05:51,798
Late that night, a violent storm engulfs

1345
01:05:48,079 --> 01:05:51,798
the Shiloh battlefield.

1346
01:05:52,159 --> 01:05:57,358
Thunder and lightning combined with

1347
01:05:54,079 --> 01:06:00,960
cannon fire from Union gunboats

1348
01:05:57,358 --> 01:06:04,000
to create a night no soldier at Shiloh

1349
01:06:00,960 --> 01:06:06,240
will ever forget.

1350
01:06:04,000 --> 01:06:08,960
The woods

1351
01:06:06,239 --> 01:06:12,159
that first night especially are filled

1352
01:06:08,960 --> 01:06:16,519
with sounds that we could never

1353
01:06:12,159 --> 01:06:16,519
accurately reproduce.

1354
01:06:18,159 --> 01:06:23,038
There were soldiers who wrote on that

1355
01:06:19,760 --> 01:06:26,920
first night of hearing the wild hogs

1356
01:06:23,039 --> 01:06:26,920
feeding on the wounded

1357
01:06:30,719 --> 01:06:35,598
and having to listen to that all night.

1358
01:06:33,599 --> 01:06:38,079
And there's no button you can push to

1359
01:06:35,599 --> 01:06:40,240
shut it off. And then when the sun comes

1360
01:06:38,079 --> 01:06:43,480
up, you know it's going to start all

1361
01:06:40,239 --> 01:06:43,479
over again.

1362
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:56,240
When the sun comes up that second day,

1363
01:06:53,358 --> 01:06:58,000
Borugard believes that he's won the

1364
01:06:56,239 --> 01:06:58,879
great victory and it's just a matter of

1365
01:06:58,000 --> 01:07:01,746
mopping up.

1366
01:06:58,880 --> 01:07:03,440
Three cheers for General Borard.

1367
01:07:01,746 --> 01:07:05,519
[cheering]

1368
01:07:03,440 --> 01:07:07,039
The Union Army was in terrible shape.

1369
01:07:05,519 --> 01:07:09,599
They've been driven back. Their

1370
01:07:07,039 --> 01:07:12,599
confidence is broken. They're they're

1371
01:07:09,599 --> 01:07:12,599
finished.

1372
01:07:13,358 --> 01:07:20,159
Defeat is the last thing on Grant's

1373
01:07:16,079 --> 01:07:22,880
mind. Overnight, 13,000 soldiers

1374
01:07:20,159 --> 01:07:25,759
commanded by General Don Carlos Buell

1375
01:07:22,880 --> 01:07:28,000
have finally arrived from Nashville.

1376
01:07:25,760 --> 01:07:32,240
General Lou Wallace reinforces Grant

1377
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:35,039
with another 5800 Union soldiers.

1378
01:07:32,239 --> 01:07:37,519
According to a soldier from Louisiana,

1379
01:07:35,039 --> 01:07:40,319
federal troops sprouted from the ground

1380
01:07:37,519 --> 01:07:42,880
like mushrooms.

1381
01:07:40,318 --> 01:07:44,480
Courier Thomas Duncan.

1382
01:07:42,880 --> 01:07:47,200
A small squad of us were preparing

1383
01:07:44,480 --> 01:07:50,358
breakfast when firing began suddenly on

1384
01:07:47,199 --> 01:07:50,358
the line.

1385
01:07:55,760 --> 01:08:00,720
A wildeyed rider proclaimed the arrival

1386
01:07:57,838 --> 01:08:05,639
of Bule,

1387
01:08:00,719 --> 01:08:05,639
warning us to run for our lives.

1388
01:08:09,211 --> 01:08:11,231
[music]

1389
01:08:21,759 --> 01:08:25,838
It's apparent [music] that counterattack

1390
01:08:23,039 --> 01:08:29,439
has power to it. It has power. It has

1391
01:08:25,838 --> 01:08:31,759
purpose and it's mass. And it's totally

1392
01:08:29,439 --> 01:08:34,559
unexpected.

1393
01:08:31,759 --> 01:08:36,719
April 7th is like day one at Shiloh, but

1394
01:08:34,560 --> 01:08:39,359
in reverse.

1395
01:08:36,719 --> 01:08:40,880
Bogard's stunned Confederates rally,

1396
01:08:39,359 --> 01:08:45,400
fighting desperately to hold the

1397
01:08:40,880 --> 01:08:45,400
onslaught of the reinforced Federals.

1398
01:08:46,719 --> 01:08:51,039
It's no longer a sense of

1399
01:08:49,600 --> 01:08:52,960
getting up and finding something to eat

1400
01:08:51,039 --> 01:08:54,319
this morning. It's getting up and

1401
01:08:52,960 --> 01:08:55,679
finding something to put in my musket so

1402
01:08:54,319 --> 01:08:57,359
I can fight this battle because this

1403
01:08:55,679 --> 01:08:59,600
battle has come back and it's come back

1404
01:08:57,359 --> 01:09:01,520
into my face.

1405
01:08:59,600 --> 01:09:03,679
A continued breakdown in the Confederate

1406
01:09:01,520 --> 01:09:05,542
chain of command only makes matters

1407
01:09:03,679 --> 01:09:07,561
worse.

1408
01:09:05,542 --> 01:09:07,562
[music]

1409
01:09:08,560 --> 01:09:13,359
Colonel John Moore commands a makeshift

1410
01:09:11,039 --> 01:09:15,519
brigade of three regiments which

1411
01:09:13,359 --> 01:09:18,000
includes his own second [music] Texas

1412
01:09:15,520 --> 01:09:19,839
Infantry.

1413
01:09:18,000 --> 01:09:22,640
Moore is ordered to advance his brigade

1414
01:09:19,838 --> 01:09:25,640
across a peach orchard but to hold his

1415
01:09:22,640 --> 01:09:25,640
fire.

1416
01:09:26,640 --> 01:09:29,920
Captain

1417
01:09:28,319 --> 01:09:31,359
on [music] the other side of the fence.

1418
01:09:29,920 --> 01:09:33,679
Get over there and stretch your lights

1419
01:09:31,359 --> 01:09:36,079
quickly. In the woods ahead of him,

1420
01:09:33,679 --> 01:09:38,000
Moore [music] is told, waits another

1421
01:09:36,079 --> 01:09:39,759
Confederate force.

1422
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:41,119
And it's apparent they don't know who's

1423
01:09:39,759 --> 01:09:42,880
in front of them, but they've been told

1424
01:09:41,119 --> 01:09:47,079
who's in front of them. And they've been

1425
01:09:42,880 --> 01:09:47,079
told they're friends.

1426
01:09:49,520 --> 01:09:56,880
The soldiers located in front of Moore's

1427
01:09:51,600 --> 01:10:01,800
approaching men are not friends.

1428
01:09:56,880 --> 01:10:01,800
They are from Indiana and Ohio.

1429
01:10:08,000 --> 01:10:12,640
John Cine more.

1430
01:10:10,158 --> 01:10:14,879
Even after the enemy opened fire, my

1431
01:10:12,640 --> 01:10:16,960
officers reported the order was still

1432
01:10:14,880 --> 01:10:19,920
given not to fire on our supposed

1433
01:10:16,960 --> 01:10:21,760
friends.

1434
01:10:19,920 --> 01:10:24,079
In one instance, after a private

1435
01:10:21,760 --> 01:10:26,800
returned the fire of the enemy, a staff

1436
01:10:24,079 --> 01:10:28,559
officer drew his pistol

1437
01:10:26,800 --> 01:10:32,440
and threatened to blow off the man's

1438
01:10:28,560 --> 01:10:32,440
head if he fired again.

1439
01:10:34,319 --> 01:10:39,599
There's no way for anybody really to get

1440
01:10:37,760 --> 01:10:41,119
a handle on it except maybe in the

1441
01:10:39,600 --> 01:10:43,520
decision that Moore makes after the

1442
01:10:41,119 --> 01:10:45,519
ambush

1443
01:10:43,520 --> 01:10:48,520
when he's ordered to attack and he

1444
01:10:45,520 --> 01:10:48,520
refuses.

1445
01:10:48,800 --> 01:10:53,600
The chaos Moore and his men face is

1446
01:10:51,600 --> 01:10:57,560
experienced by many Confederates on

1447
01:10:53,600 --> 01:10:57,560
Shiloh's second day.

1448
01:11:00,319 --> 01:11:05,960
The fighting is every bit as fierce and

1449
01:11:02,158 --> 01:11:05,960
bloody as the day before.

1450
01:11:06,079 --> 01:11:11,039
Confederates under General Bogard's

1451
01:11:08,000 --> 01:11:14,158
leadership fight bravely.

1452
01:11:11,039 --> 01:11:16,479
But now, outnumbered and overwhelmed,

1453
01:11:14,158 --> 01:11:18,319
they are steadily driven back to Shiloh

1454
01:11:16,479 --> 01:11:20,639
Church.

1455
01:11:18,319 --> 01:11:23,679
An aid to General Bogard sums up the

1456
01:11:20,640 --> 01:11:28,880
situation by saying, "The fire and

1457
01:11:23,679 --> 01:11:28,880
animation has left our troops.

1458
01:11:32,960 --> 01:11:38,399
Shortly after [music] 2:00 p.m.,

1459
01:11:35,679 --> 01:11:42,560
Bo Regard issues an order unthinkable

1460
01:11:38,399 --> 01:11:45,359
just 8 hours earlier.

1461
01:11:42,560 --> 01:11:48,640
Withdrawal. [music]

1462
01:11:45,359 --> 01:11:51,039
They came so very close to be so [music]

1463
01:11:48,640 --> 01:11:52,719
close to victory so many times and never

1464
01:11:51,039 --> 01:11:54,319
quite be able to achieve it. It was

1465
01:11:52,719 --> 01:11:56,880
almost like it was something that they

1466
01:11:54,319 --> 01:12:00,238
were reaching out for and could never

1467
01:11:56,880 --> 01:12:02,480
they never could quite [music] get it.

1468
01:12:00,238 --> 01:12:05,039
General Grant remains under orders to

1469
01:12:02,479 --> 01:12:06,559
not engage the Confederates.

1470
01:12:05,039 --> 01:12:08,960
For now, he [music] is content to have

1471
01:12:06,560 --> 01:12:11,960
recovered Union camps lost the previous

1472
01:12:08,960 --> 01:12:11,960
day.

1473
01:12:16,399 --> 01:12:22,238
The Confederates endure a bitter 20-mile

1474
01:12:18,960 --> 01:12:24,560
march back to Corinth, Mississippi.

1475
01:12:22,238 --> 01:12:29,079
There they'll dig in to [music] defend

1476
01:12:24,560 --> 01:12:29,080
the town's vital rail junction.

1477
01:12:31,439 --> 01:12:35,599
After Shiloh [music]

1478
01:12:32,640 --> 01:12:40,480
laments one New Orleans resident,

1479
01:12:35,600 --> 01:12:43,360
the South never smiled again. [music]

1480
01:12:40,479 --> 01:12:47,439
Shiloh illustrates

1481
01:12:43,359 --> 01:12:51,079
that the war is [music] here

1482
01:12:47,439 --> 01:12:51,079
and it's deadly.

1483
01:12:52,800 --> 01:12:56,800
They're going to have to invest

1484
01:12:53,920 --> 01:13:00,090
everything into the war to win their

1485
01:12:56,800 --> 01:13:00,090
cause. [music]

1486
01:13:05,039 --> 01:13:13,079
How could anyone smile

1487
01:13:07,600 --> 01:13:13,079
with [music] that vision of the future?

1488
01:13:13,135 --> 01:13:15,155
[music]

1489
01:13:25,198 --> 01:13:30,000
For the next few days,

1490
01:13:28,158 --> 01:13:34,279
Union soldiers undertake the gruesome

1491
01:13:30,000 --> 01:13:34,279
task of burying the dead.

1492
01:13:35,198 --> 01:13:41,319
Even the hardbitten General Sherman is

1493
01:13:38,319 --> 01:13:41,319
moved.

1494
01:13:41,679 --> 01:13:46,158
The battlefield was a heartsickening

1495
01:13:43,520 --> 01:13:46,159
sight.

1496
01:13:46,319 --> 01:13:51,479
The dead were lying in every conceivable

1497
01:13:48,479 --> 01:13:51,479
shape.

1498
01:13:52,640 --> 01:13:58,119
Some had fallen, their guns fast in

1499
01:13:54,960 --> 01:13:58,119
their hands.

1500
01:13:58,880 --> 01:14:02,960
Others had received the messenger of

1501
01:14:00,640 --> 01:14:05,600
death

1502
01:14:02,960 --> 01:14:07,359
and with their life blood ebbing away

1503
01:14:05,600 --> 01:14:10,000
had sought the shelters of logs and

1504
01:14:07,359 --> 01:14:14,198
trees

1505
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:14,198
and laid down to die.

1506
01:14:25,039 --> 01:14:32,840
It's impossible, I think, for us to

1507
01:14:27,439 --> 01:14:32,839
imagine what it must have looked like.

1508
01:14:32,880 --> 01:14:39,920
The smell is awful.

1509
01:14:36,479 --> 01:14:43,839
There are burial details every place.

1510
01:14:39,920 --> 01:14:46,000
And maybe the biggest horror of all is

1511
01:14:43,840 --> 01:14:48,880
as the Union Army is trying to

1512
01:14:46,000 --> 01:14:51,279
reorganize itself and wagons are going

1513
01:14:48,880 --> 01:14:53,440
back and forth across the battlefield,

1514
01:14:51,279 --> 01:14:57,198
they will the wheels of the wagons will

1515
01:14:53,439 --> 01:15:01,198
will dig up shallow graves and you will

1516
01:14:57,198 --> 01:15:04,960
see corpses lying there being run over

1517
01:15:01,198 --> 01:15:06,799
by wagons and by horses. What a horrible

1518
01:15:04,960 --> 01:15:10,800
thing. You have to think to yourself, is

1519
01:15:06,800 --> 01:15:10,800
this what's going to happen to me?

1520
01:15:12,960 --> 01:15:23,239
At Shiloh, the total casualties,

1521
01:15:17,840 --> 01:15:23,239
a staggering 24,000 men.

1522
01:15:25,279 --> 01:15:31,840
A single battle claims more casualties

1523
01:15:28,560 --> 01:15:34,840
than all of America's previous wars

1524
01:15:31,840 --> 01:15:34,840
combined.

1525
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:42,719
They did arithmetic. All of a sudden

1526
01:15:41,119 --> 01:15:45,760
they could realize hell that's more

1527
01:15:42,719 --> 01:15:47,600
people lost in two days

1528
01:15:45,760 --> 01:15:51,159
than we've lost in all the wars we

1529
01:15:47,600 --> 01:15:51,159
fought to date.

1530
01:15:51,359 --> 01:15:55,839
That's becomes apparent [music] to

1531
01:15:53,359 --> 01:15:58,000
everyone. Golly,

1532
01:15:55,840 --> 01:16:00,319
in two days

1533
01:15:58,000 --> 01:16:02,158
we've amassed,

1534
01:16:00,319 --> 01:16:04,960
you know, the same amount of killed,

1535
01:16:02,158 --> 01:16:06,711
wounded, and missing personnel in our

1536
01:16:04,960 --> 01:16:08,960
military bodies as we've accomplished

1537
01:16:06,712 --> 01:16:10,719
[music] in nearly a century of

1538
01:16:08,960 --> 01:16:15,239
existence.

1539
01:16:10,719 --> 01:16:15,239
Uh, that's shocking.

1540
01:16:15,840 --> 01:16:20,719
You think about the connections of that

1541
01:16:18,238 --> 01:16:22,959
24,000.

1542
01:16:20,719 --> 01:16:25,840
This begins to affect homes. It affects

1543
01:16:22,960 --> 01:16:28,319
communities. It affects

1544
01:16:25,840 --> 01:16:30,560
loved ones, friends.

1545
01:16:28,319 --> 01:16:33,840
Entire communities end up having a bad

1546
01:16:30,560 --> 01:16:39,600
day because a sizable prepoundonderance

1547
01:16:33,840 --> 01:16:42,159
of their young men 18 to 29 are gone.

1548
01:16:39,600 --> 01:16:45,520
They're no longer or they're totally

1549
01:16:42,158 --> 01:16:48,799
torn to pieces and maimed for life. And

1550
01:16:45,520 --> 01:16:50,640
it's just reverberates.

1551
01:16:48,800 --> 01:16:53,520
The great battle General Grant and

1552
01:16:50,640 --> 01:16:57,280
others hoped would end the war is in

1553
01:16:53,520 --> 01:17:01,080
fact just the beginning of a brutal war

1554
01:16:57,279 --> 01:17:01,079
no one could have imagined.

1555
01:17:02,960 --> 01:17:07,920
When the battle began, John Cocherel was

1556
01:17:05,920 --> 01:17:11,440
a young musician.

1557
01:17:07,920 --> 01:17:14,319
Now in the aftermath of Bloody Shiloh,

1558
01:17:11,439 --> 01:17:17,119
the 16-year-old Cocharel is a combat

1559
01:17:14,319 --> 01:17:19,359
veteran.

1560
01:17:17,119 --> 01:17:24,439
Near dusk, He wanders through the

1561
01:17:19,359 --> 01:17:24,439
ransacked camp of the 70th Ohio.

1562
01:17:26,719 --> 01:17:31,560
The last place he saw his father alive.

1563
01:17:34,000 --> 01:17:39,719
Through the haze is a sight Cochel can

1564
01:17:36,238 --> 01:17:39,718
hardly believe.

1565
01:17:42,479 --> 01:17:48,479
The 70th regiment came back after the

1566
01:17:44,800 --> 01:17:51,840
most terrible fighting and campaigning.

1567
01:17:48,479 --> 01:17:55,359
At its head rode my father, whom I

1568
01:17:51,840 --> 01:17:57,408
supposed to be dead.

1569
01:17:55,359 --> 01:18:00,880
He was pale, haggarded, and worn,

1570
01:17:57,408 --> 01:18:02,960
[music] but unscathed.

1571
01:18:00,880 --> 01:18:06,578
My father had not seen me, nor heard

1572
01:18:02,960 --> 01:18:08,597
from me for more than 60 hours.

1573
01:18:06,578 --> 01:18:08,598
[music]

1574
01:18:13,128 --> 01:18:15,149
[music]

1575
01:18:16,560 --> 01:18:22,080
He took me into his arms and gave me the

1576
01:18:19,359 --> 01:18:25,399
most affectionate embrace my life had

1577
01:18:22,079 --> 01:18:25,399
ever [music] known.

1578
01:18:27,760 --> 01:18:33,440
7 months after Shiloh, John Cocherel

1579
01:18:30,960 --> 01:18:36,560
returned to the Ohio home he dreamed of

1580
01:18:33,439 --> 01:18:37,839
during the battle.

1581
01:18:36,560 --> 01:18:40,239
He would become an accomplished

1582
01:18:37,840 --> 01:18:44,640
journalist, writing for the Cincinnati

1583
01:18:40,238 --> 01:18:47,519
Inquirer and the Washington Post.

1584
01:18:44,640 --> 01:18:50,079
Years later, he would write about 2 days

1585
01:18:47,520 --> 01:18:52,640
in April 1862

1586
01:18:50,079 --> 01:18:55,679
when the world appeared to turn upside

1587
01:18:52,640 --> 01:18:59,159
down in the thick woods along the

1588
01:18:55,679 --> 01:18:59,158
Tennessee River.

1589
01:19:06,238 --> 01:19:11,039
Two weeks after their defeat at Shiloh,

1590
01:19:08,800 --> 01:19:12,800
the Confederacy suffers another blow in

1591
01:19:11,039 --> 01:19:15,198
the West.

1592
01:19:12,800 --> 01:19:17,600
A fleet of Union warships under the

1593
01:19:15,198 --> 01:19:20,079
command of Admiral David Farragut

1594
01:19:17,600 --> 01:19:24,239
captures New Orleans, the South's

1595
01:19:20,079 --> 01:19:25,840
largest city and most important port.

1596
01:19:24,238 --> 01:19:28,399
And for [music] Confederate troops over

1597
01:19:25,840 --> 01:19:32,400
a thousand miles away in Virginia, the

1598
01:19:28,399 --> 01:19:32,399
war effort begins to falter.

1599
01:19:40,399 --> 01:19:45,119
Union General George [music] Mlen,

1600
01:19:42,719 --> 01:19:47,279
nicknamed Little Napoleon,

1601
01:19:45,119 --> 01:19:50,640
has a bold plan to take the Confederate

1602
01:19:47,279 --> 01:19:52,238
capital of Richmond, Virginia. In March

1603
01:19:50,640 --> 01:19:54,719
1862,

1604
01:19:52,238 --> 01:19:57,198
Mlelen landed [music] more than 100,000

1605
01:19:54,719 --> 01:20:00,319
troops at Fort Monroe and begins to

1606
01:19:57,198 --> 01:20:01,839
fight his way up the peninsula towards

1607
01:20:00,319 --> 01:20:04,479
Richmond.

1608
01:20:01,840 --> 01:20:06,079
At Seven Pines, Confederate commander

1609
01:20:04,479 --> 01:20:09,839
[music] Joseph Johnston is severely

1610
01:20:06,079 --> 01:20:13,679
wounded and replaced with a rising star

1611
01:20:09,840 --> 01:20:16,159
named Robert E. Lee.

1612
01:20:13,679 --> 01:20:19,679
4 months after it began, Lincoln orders

1613
01:20:16,158 --> 01:20:23,119
Mlelen to return his army to Washington.

1614
01:20:19,679 --> 01:20:26,920
For the Union, the Peninsula campaign is

1615
01:20:23,119 --> 01:20:26,920
a military disappointment.

1616
01:20:27,039 --> 01:20:32,719
Yet, it was a seemingly minor incident a

1617
01:20:30,079 --> 01:20:35,198
year earlier on the tip of the very same

1618
01:20:32,719 --> 01:20:37,679
Virginia peninsula that ignites a

1619
01:20:35,198 --> 01:20:41,159
sweeping chain of events that would

1620
01:20:37,679 --> 01:20:42,560
alter the course of the war.

1621
01:20:41,159 --> 01:20:45,519
[music]

1622
01:20:42,560 --> 01:20:49,039
May 1861,

1623
01:20:45,520 --> 01:20:51,920
three runaway slaves row a stolen boat

1624
01:20:49,039 --> 01:20:54,479
and surrender to the Union occupied Fort

1625
01:20:51,920 --> 01:20:56,640
Monroe.

1626
01:20:54,479 --> 01:20:58,639
Their arrival creates a legal dilemma

1627
01:20:56,640 --> 01:21:01,119
for the fort's commander and for the

1628
01:20:58,640 --> 01:21:03,600
United States Army.

1629
01:21:01,119 --> 01:21:05,039
President Abraham Lincoln refuses to

1630
01:21:03,600 --> 01:21:07,520
recognize the Confederate [music]

1631
01:21:05,039 --> 01:21:10,000
government. He considers the southern

1632
01:21:07,520 --> 01:21:13,360
states to be in rebellion.

1633
01:21:10,000 --> 01:21:15,119
Therefore, federal law still applies in

1634
01:21:13,359 --> 01:21:17,599
the South.

1635
01:21:15,119 --> 01:21:19,599
Legally, the escaped slaves are the

1636
01:21:17,600 --> 01:21:21,600
property of their southern owner and

1637
01:21:19,600 --> 01:21:23,920
must be returned.

1638
01:21:21,600 --> 01:21:26,239
The fugitive slave law of 1850 is still

1639
01:21:23,920 --> 01:21:29,119
on the books. It's still the law of the

1640
01:21:26,238 --> 01:21:32,319
land. And strictly speaking, the United

1641
01:21:29,119 --> 01:21:34,800
States Army is obligated to live up to

1642
01:21:32,319 --> 01:21:38,559
the tenants of the fugitive slave law.

1643
01:21:34,800 --> 01:21:40,400
Those soldiers are after all obliged to

1644
01:21:38,560 --> 01:21:43,120
enforce the law.

1645
01:21:40,399 --> 01:21:45,920
The next day, a Confederate officer

1646
01:21:43,119 --> 01:21:50,399
under a flag of truce, arrives at Fort

1647
01:21:45,920 --> 01:21:53,119
Monroe and demands the property back.

1648
01:21:50,399 --> 01:21:55,839
The Union fort's commander, General

1649
01:21:53,119 --> 01:21:59,359
Benjamin Franklin Butler, quickly

1650
01:21:55,840 --> 01:22:01,840
rejects the request.

1651
01:21:59,359 --> 01:22:03,359
The runaways had earlier revealed that

1652
01:22:01,840 --> 01:22:06,560
they were going to help construct

1653
01:22:03,359 --> 01:22:10,399
Confederate gun imp placements. Guns to

1654
01:22:06,560 --> 01:22:12,080
be aimed directly at Fort Monroe. Butler

1655
01:22:10,399 --> 01:22:15,519
curtly dismisses the Confederate

1656
01:22:12,079 --> 01:22:20,559
officer, calling the escaped slaves

1657
01:22:15,520 --> 01:22:23,280
contrabands of war. Contraband means uh

1658
01:22:20,560 --> 01:22:26,480
property. And so there's this legal term

1659
01:22:23,279 --> 01:22:28,880
that enters the lexicon and it is lashed

1660
01:22:26,479 --> 01:22:31,678
on to and used throughout the end of the

1661
01:22:28,880 --> 01:22:35,199
Civil War.

1662
01:22:31,679 --> 01:22:37,520
And what Butler's thinking is that they

1663
01:22:35,198 --> 01:22:40,559
are still property, but they are enemy

1664
01:22:37,520 --> 01:22:43,840
property and therefore it is lawful in a

1665
01:22:40,560 --> 01:22:46,480
time of war for the Union to seize them.

1666
01:22:43,840 --> 01:22:51,319
So he justifies allowing these slaves to

1667
01:22:46,479 --> 01:22:51,319
stay in Union Army lines as contraband.

1668
01:22:53,359 --> 01:22:59,920
And within a few days [music] he had 200

1669
01:22:56,800 --> 01:23:02,000
uh fugitive slaves at the fort door and

1670
01:22:59,920 --> 01:23:04,319
he took them all in confiscating [music]

1671
01:23:02,000 --> 01:23:06,719
them as contraband of war. He realized

1672
01:23:04,319 --> 01:23:08,238
by taking this this source of labor, the

1673
01:23:06,719 --> 01:23:09,846
source of aid that it would [ __ ] the

1674
01:23:08,238 --> 01:23:10,158
Confederacy.

1675
01:23:09,846 --> 01:23:13,119
[music]

1676
01:23:10,158 --> 01:23:15,198
In Washington DC, President Lincoln and

1677
01:23:13,119 --> 01:23:16,719
his cabinet follow the unfolding [music]

1678
01:23:15,198 --> 01:23:19,919
drama.

1679
01:23:16,719 --> 01:23:22,239
He takes no formal action.

1680
01:23:19,920 --> 01:23:23,920
for now.

1681
01:23:22,238 --> 01:23:26,799
It took the Union [music] Army by

1682
01:23:23,920 --> 01:23:28,880
surprise and it took the Union um

1683
01:23:26,800 --> 01:23:31,679
government by surprise. It took [music]

1684
01:23:28,880 --> 01:23:33,440
Lincoln by surprise. They were not

1685
01:23:31,679 --> 01:23:36,560
expecting this. They did not plan for

1686
01:23:33,439 --> 01:23:38,319
it. They had not encouraged it. They had

1687
01:23:36,560 --> 01:23:40,159
not put out a [music] welcome mat for

1688
01:23:38,319 --> 01:23:44,000
the enslaved to come into Union Army

1689
01:23:40,158 --> 01:23:45,679
lines, but they came anyway.

1690
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:48,319
Although Lincoln was not going to

1691
01:23:45,679 --> 01:23:50,239
encourage people overtly to break the

1692
01:23:48,319 --> 01:23:53,519
law, he certainly was [music] not going

1693
01:23:50,238 --> 01:23:56,000
to see slaves who did run away returned

1694
01:23:53,520 --> 01:23:58,320
to their slavery, to their bonds, to

1695
01:23:56,000 --> 01:24:00,479
their cattle status. [music]

1696
01:23:58,319 --> 01:24:03,519
To the contrary, he said, I'd be damned

1697
01:24:00,479 --> 01:24:05,759
in time and eternity if I ever allowed

1698
01:24:03,520 --> 01:24:08,080
that [music] to happen. slaves. He said

1699
01:24:05,760 --> 01:24:11,600
to Congress, "Slaves who have achieved

1700
01:24:08,079 --> 01:24:13,679
their actual freedom are not going to be

1701
01:24:11,600 --> 01:24:16,480
molested in that." [music] That was as

1702
01:24:13,679 --> 01:24:23,239
much as waving a very large flag that

1703
01:24:16,479 --> 01:24:23,238
said, "Come hither and find safety."

1704
01:24:23,520 --> 01:24:27,679
The news of the contrabands at Fort

1705
01:24:25,279 --> 01:24:30,238
Monroe quickly spreads throughout the

1706
01:24:27,679 --> 01:24:33,279
Union.

1707
01:24:30,238 --> 01:24:35,919
The news also spreads among the enslaved

1708
01:24:33,279 --> 01:24:38,399
themselves.

1709
01:24:35,920 --> 01:24:42,158
What powers the need for freedom for

1710
01:24:38,399 --> 01:24:44,479
enslaved people is they don't want to be

1711
01:24:42,158 --> 01:24:46,719
degraded anymore. They don't want to be

1712
01:24:44,479 --> 01:24:50,359
brutalized anymore. They don't want to

1713
01:24:46,719 --> 01:24:50,359
exist as property.

1714
01:24:52,158 --> 01:24:58,238
So all of a sudden you have

1715
01:24:55,520 --> 01:25:00,159
government officials, you have military

1716
01:24:58,238 --> 01:25:04,158
officers who are confronted with the

1717
01:25:00,158 --> 01:25:07,039
fact that we have to take black concerns

1718
01:25:04,158 --> 01:25:08,719
seriously.

1719
01:25:07,039 --> 01:25:11,279
At this point now, you have growing

1720
01:25:08,719 --> 01:25:15,158
refugee camps uh within Union lines and

1721
01:25:11,279 --> 01:25:15,158
in all of the border states.

1722
01:25:15,359 --> 01:25:21,198
They don't wait for Lincoln to free

1723
01:25:18,238 --> 01:25:24,198
them. They are agents in their own

1724
01:25:21,198 --> 01:25:24,198
emancipation.

1725
01:25:28,719 --> 01:25:34,239
Lincoln hoped at the beginning of the

1726
01:25:30,238 --> 01:25:36,799
war to keep the opposition to slavery

1727
01:25:34,238 --> 01:25:39,039
and [music] the restoration of the Union

1728
01:25:36,800 --> 01:25:41,199
running on two separate but parallel

1729
01:25:39,039 --> 01:25:42,719
tracks.

1730
01:25:41,198 --> 01:25:43,919
One problem, the problem of the

1731
01:25:42,719 --> 01:25:46,079
rebellion, he wanted to solve

1732
01:25:43,920 --> 01:25:47,520
militarily. The other problem, the

1733
01:25:46,079 --> 01:25:50,158
problem of slavery, he wanted to solve

1734
01:25:47,520 --> 01:25:53,120
politically. What he found though a year

1735
01:25:50,158 --> 01:25:54,719
into the war was that these two tracks,

1736
01:25:53,119 --> 01:25:57,679
as much as he was trying to keep them

1737
01:25:54,719 --> 01:25:59,600
separate, insisted on converging.

1738
01:25:57,679 --> 01:26:01,760
The contraband [music] issue triggers a

1739
01:25:59,600 --> 01:26:06,440
fundamental question.

1740
01:26:01,760 --> 01:26:06,440
Are the contraband still slaves

1741
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:14,400
or are they now free?

1742
01:26:11,039 --> 01:26:18,000
There is a dynamic, a collision of

1743
01:26:14,399 --> 01:26:20,399
people on the ground, slaves running to

1744
01:26:18,000 --> 01:26:22,000
Union armies, Union armies, not knowing

1745
01:26:20,399 --> 01:26:23,920
how to handle this problem, but knowing

1746
01:26:22,000 --> 01:26:26,000
that if they sent those slaves back,

1747
01:26:23,920 --> 01:26:28,639
that they simply would be abetting the

1748
01:26:26,000 --> 01:26:31,279
Confederate war effort. That step that

1749
01:26:28,639 --> 01:26:34,159
slaves took toward Union lines, it

1750
01:26:31,279 --> 01:26:35,920
triggers a process.

1751
01:26:34,158 --> 01:26:38,399
Congress [music] passes a series of

1752
01:26:35,920 --> 01:26:41,600
largely ineffective laws called the

1753
01:26:38,399 --> 01:26:44,238
Confiscation Acts. It is legislation the

1754
01:26:41,600 --> 01:26:46,560
president opposes. [music] Lincoln's own

1755
01:26:44,238 --> 01:26:50,319
views on abolishing slavery continue to

1756
01:26:46,560 --> 01:26:52,400
evolve. Early in the war, he favors a

1757
01:26:50,319 --> 01:26:55,679
plan to remove freed slaves [music] to a

1758
01:26:52,399 --> 01:26:57,839
colony outside of the United States.

1759
01:26:55,679 --> 01:26:59,840
In summer 1862,

1760
01:26:57,840 --> 01:27:02,000
he writes to newspaper editor Horus

1761
01:26:59,840 --> 01:27:05,039
Gley. [music]

1762
01:27:02,000 --> 01:27:07,614
Lincoln says, "If I could save the Union

1763
01:27:05,039 --> 01:27:09,359
without freeing any slave, I would do

1764
01:27:07,614 --> 01:27:12,319
[music] it."

1765
01:27:09,359 --> 01:27:13,839
And yet, that very summer, in a secluded

1766
01:27:12,319 --> 01:27:15,359
cottage on a hill overlooking

1767
01:27:13,840 --> 01:27:18,000
Washington,

1768
01:27:15,359 --> 01:27:21,198
Lincoln begins [music] to pen a document

1769
01:27:18,000 --> 01:27:22,719
that will do exactly that.

1770
01:27:21,198 --> 01:27:26,079
And it's in the aftermath of the [music]

1771
01:27:22,719 --> 01:27:28,158
Peninsula campaign that Lincoln realizes

1772
01:27:26,079 --> 01:27:30,800
that they need to move toward a policy

1773
01:27:28,158 --> 01:27:32,719
that wages war not just on [music] the

1774
01:27:30,800 --> 01:27:34,960
Confederate army but on Confederate

1775
01:27:32,719 --> 01:27:37,439
society. And the first step in that

1776
01:27:34,960 --> 01:27:41,020
direction, [music] he decides, is to

1777
01:27:37,439 --> 01:27:42,638
begin emancipating the slaves.

1778
01:27:41,020 --> 01:27:44,480
[music] In the wake of a string of

1779
01:27:42,639 --> 01:27:47,440
devastating defeats on the eastern

1780
01:27:44,479 --> 01:27:50,718
theater, Lincoln now sees emancipation

1781
01:27:47,439 --> 01:27:52,638
as a military necessity.

1782
01:27:50,719 --> 01:27:58,079
He says, [music] "We must free the

1783
01:27:52,639 --> 01:28:00,159
slaves or be ourselves subdued."

1784
01:27:58,079 --> 01:28:02,079
Lincoln's coming action will test the

1785
01:28:00,158 --> 01:28:05,238
constitutional limits of the office of

1786
01:28:02,079 --> 01:28:05,238
the presidency.

1787
01:28:05,279 --> 01:28:09,920
The Constitution provides that the

1788
01:28:08,479 --> 01:28:12,238
president of the United States be the

1789
01:28:09,920 --> 01:28:15,760
commander-in-chief

1790
01:28:12,238 --> 01:28:17,519
in time of war or rebellion, but it

1791
01:28:15,760 --> 01:28:19,679
doesn't describe what the powers of the

1792
01:28:17,520 --> 01:28:20,960
commander-in-chief are.

1793
01:28:19,679 --> 01:28:23,119
I mean, what is it to be a

1794
01:28:20,960 --> 01:28:25,840
commander-in-chief? No one was really

1795
01:28:23,119 --> 01:28:28,238
sure within those war powers. What is he

1796
01:28:25,840 --> 01:28:30,159
allowed to do? Well, he should be

1797
01:28:28,238 --> 01:28:33,279
allowed to do some things which will

1798
01:28:30,158 --> 01:28:36,079
[ __ ] the enemy's ability to carry on

1799
01:28:33,279 --> 01:28:39,279
war. What will [ __ ] the Confederacy's

1800
01:28:36,079 --> 01:28:42,000
ability to carry on war? Free their

1801
01:28:39,279 --> 01:28:44,000
slaves. Free them. Give them every

1802
01:28:42,000 --> 01:28:46,880
incentive possible to desert and run

1803
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:48,960
away to the Union lines. Give them every

1804
01:28:46,880 --> 01:28:51,520
reason to expect that the advance of the

1805
01:28:48,960 --> 01:28:55,039
Union armies into the South will mean

1806
01:28:51,520 --> 01:28:57,920
their freedom, subvert, undermine,

1807
01:28:55,039 --> 01:29:00,639
weaken the Confederate ability to carry

1808
01:28:57,920 --> 01:29:03,679
on the rebellion.

1809
01:29:00,639 --> 01:29:06,880
To his stunned cabinet, Lincoln unveils

1810
01:29:03,679 --> 01:29:11,199
a preliminary emancipation proclamation

1811
01:29:06,880 --> 01:29:12,880
on July 22nd, 1862.

1812
01:29:11,198 --> 01:29:16,158
Secretary [music] of Treasury Salmon

1813
01:29:12,880 --> 01:29:18,560
Chase thinks it's too extreme.

1814
01:29:16,158 --> 01:29:20,559
Secretary of Interior Caleb Smith

1815
01:29:18,560 --> 01:29:22,719
strongly objects and threatens to

1816
01:29:20,560 --> 01:29:25,120
resign.

1817
01:29:22,719 --> 01:29:27,119
Postmaster General Montgomery Blair

1818
01:29:25,119 --> 01:29:28,880
fears it will cost the Republicans the

1819
01:29:27,119 --> 01:29:30,479
full elections.

1820
01:29:28,880 --> 01:29:32,880
Lincoln [music] pushes to release his

1821
01:29:30,479 --> 01:29:34,799
proclamation immediately,

1822
01:29:32,880 --> 01:29:37,440
but Secretary of State William [music]

1823
01:29:34,800 --> 01:29:39,576
Seard cautions the proclamation will be

1824
01:29:37,439 --> 01:29:41,279
perceived as an act of desperation

1825
01:29:39,576 --> 01:29:43,679
[music] in the aftermath of the failed

1826
01:29:41,279 --> 01:29:45,679
peninsula campaign.

1827
01:29:43,679 --> 01:29:47,920
So, the president agrees to hold the

1828
01:29:45,679 --> 01:29:51,719
announcement until after a federal

1829
01:29:47,920 --> 01:29:51,719
victory on the battlefield.

1830
01:30:15,119 --> 01:30:21,439
The slaughter at Antidum is hardly the

1831
01:30:18,079 --> 01:30:24,960
decisive victory Lincoln desired.

1832
01:30:21,439 --> 01:30:27,279
On September 17th, 1862,

1833
01:30:24,960 --> 01:30:29,279
along Antidum Creek near Sharpsburg,

1834
01:30:27,279 --> 01:30:31,840
Maryland,

1835
01:30:29,279 --> 01:30:34,880
more than 22,000 Union and Confederate

1836
01:30:31,840 --> 01:30:37,039
soldiers are killed, wounded, or

1837
01:30:34,880 --> 01:30:39,199
missing.

1838
01:30:37,039 --> 01:30:41,039
That's nearly as many casualties as

1839
01:30:39,198 --> 01:30:44,039
there were in two days of fighting at

1840
01:30:41,039 --> 01:30:44,039
Shiloh.

1841
01:30:44,479 --> 01:30:48,959
The Battle of [music] Antidum ranks as

1842
01:30:46,639 --> 01:30:51,960
the bloodiest day in American military

1843
01:30:48,960 --> 01:30:51,960
history.

1844
01:30:52,719 --> 01:30:56,800
Because the Confederates are forced to

1845
01:30:54,247 --> 01:31:00,320
[music] retreat into Virginia, the Union

1846
01:30:56,800 --> 01:31:04,039
claims victory, but tactically the

1847
01:31:00,319 --> 01:31:04,039
battle is a draw.

1848
01:31:05,279 --> 01:31:10,719
5 days after Antidum on September 22nd,

1849
01:31:08,657 --> 01:31:12,719
[music] 1862,

1850
01:31:10,719 --> 01:31:17,198
Lincoln issues what he calls a

1851
01:31:12,719 --> 01:31:19,198
preliminary emancipation proclamation.

1852
01:31:17,198 --> 01:31:23,119
The presidential order is a threat

1853
01:31:19,198 --> 01:31:25,119
pointed directly at the Confederacy.

1854
01:31:23,119 --> 01:31:29,279
The rebelling [music] states have until

1855
01:31:25,119 --> 01:31:32,238
January 1st to cease hostilities or else

1856
01:31:29,279 --> 01:31:36,399
on that date slaves in the rebelling

1857
01:31:32,238 --> 01:31:39,039
states [music] will be forever free.

1858
01:31:36,399 --> 01:31:42,238
Delivering the preliminary emancipation

1859
01:31:39,039 --> 01:31:45,359
proclamation was a revolutionary moment.

1860
01:31:42,238 --> 01:31:47,039
It was a terrific blow against the

1861
01:31:45,359 --> 01:31:49,519
Confederacy

1862
01:31:47,039 --> 01:31:53,039
for white southerners. When Lincoln

1863
01:31:49,520 --> 01:31:56,800
issued it after the Battle of Antidum,

1864
01:31:53,039 --> 01:31:59,760
they recognized that this war for Union

1865
01:31:56,800 --> 01:32:02,800
now was a war for Union and the

1866
01:31:59,760 --> 01:32:05,360
destruction of slavery. The North had

1867
01:32:02,800 --> 01:32:07,360
now raised the stakes of the game. No

1868
01:32:05,359 --> 01:32:11,198
longer just a war for Union, but a war

1869
01:32:07,359 --> 01:32:14,238
for Union and for black freedom.

1870
01:32:11,198 --> 01:32:18,039
That turned a war of consiliation into a

1871
01:32:14,238 --> 01:32:18,039
revolutionary struggle.

1872
01:32:24,079 --> 01:32:30,198
The Confederates turned the proclamation

1873
01:32:26,158 --> 01:32:30,198
into a rallying point.

1874
01:32:30,960 --> 01:32:36,239
800 m from Washington in the woodlands

1875
01:32:33,600 --> 01:32:38,320
outside of Corinth, Mississippi. They

1876
01:32:36,238 --> 01:32:41,039
are determined to avenge the losses at

1877
01:32:38,319 --> 01:32:43,840
Shiloh.

1878
01:32:41,039 --> 01:32:46,639
Following their victory at Shiloh, Union

1879
01:32:43,840 --> 01:32:49,760
forces had advanced 22 mi south to

1880
01:32:46,639 --> 01:32:52,960
Corinth and seized its prized railroad

1881
01:32:49,760 --> 01:32:54,800
junction. For more than 4 months, a

1882
01:32:52,960 --> 01:32:58,960
large garrison has occupied [music] the

1883
01:32:54,800 --> 01:33:00,663
strategic town. But in October 1862,

1884
01:32:58,960 --> 01:33:04,600
the Confederates are determined to take

1885
01:33:00,663 --> 01:33:04,599
[music] Corinth back.

1886
01:33:05,679 --> 01:33:12,158
22,000 Confederate soldiers led by Major

1887
01:33:09,359 --> 01:33:14,639
General Earl Van Dornne storm through

1888
01:33:12,158 --> 01:33:16,719
the Union defenses northwest of town,

1889
01:33:14,639 --> 01:33:19,279
pushing the Federals back nearly 2

1890
01:33:16,719 --> 01:33:21,760
miles.

1891
01:33:19,279 --> 01:33:25,198
The next day, Union artillery delivers a

1892
01:33:21,760 --> 01:33:27,679
punishing blow to Van Dorne's men. After

1893
01:33:25,198 --> 01:33:31,279
a savage two-day fight, the Confederate

1894
01:33:27,679 --> 01:33:35,199
attack is repulsed.

1895
01:33:31,279 --> 01:33:38,198
Corinth once and for all is under Union

1896
01:33:35,198 --> 01:33:38,198
control.

1897
01:33:38,639 --> 01:33:43,119
The desperate gamble to retake Corinth

1898
01:33:40,719 --> 01:33:45,198
costs the Confederates over 5,000

1899
01:33:43,119 --> 01:33:46,960
casualties,

1900
01:33:45,198 --> 01:33:49,960
nearly twice that of the Union

1901
01:33:46,960 --> 01:33:49,960
defenders.

1902
01:33:50,880 --> 01:33:58,840
One Confederate division alone loses

1903
01:33:53,359 --> 01:33:58,839
2500 out of 3,900 of its men.

1904
01:33:59,119 --> 01:34:03,679
Just as devastating as the loss of human

1905
01:34:01,279 --> 01:34:07,079
life is the permanent loss of the vital

1906
01:34:03,679 --> 01:34:07,079
rail junction

1907
01:34:07,279 --> 01:34:11,119
in the fight for control of the

1908
01:34:08,639 --> 01:34:13,119
Mississippi Valley. It is a blow from

1909
01:34:11,119 --> 01:34:16,119
which the Confederacy will never

1910
01:34:13,119 --> 01:34:16,119
recover.

1911
01:34:17,520 --> 01:34:20,520
Still,

1912
01:34:23,850 --> 01:34:25,870
[singing and music]

1913
01:34:27,760 --> 01:34:31,679
the timing of the Union victory at

1914
01:34:29,600 --> 01:34:34,719
Corenth and Lincoln's preliminary

1915
01:34:31,679 --> 01:34:36,639
emancipation proclamation unleashes a

1916
01:34:34,719 --> 01:34:39,569
movement throughout the Mississippi

1917
01:34:36,639 --> 01:34:41,590
River Valley.

1918
01:34:39,569 --> 01:34:41,590
[singing]

1919
01:34:42,189 --> 01:34:44,210
[music]

1920
01:34:45,279 --> 01:34:49,679
3 months before emancipation is

1921
01:34:46,960 --> 01:34:51,679
official, thousands escape plantations

1922
01:34:49,679 --> 01:34:53,600
and farms,

1923
01:34:51,679 --> 01:34:56,600
taking their first precarious steps

1924
01:34:53,600 --> 01:34:57,910
toward freedom.

1925
01:34:56,600 --> 01:34:59,930
[singing]

1926
01:34:57,909 --> 01:34:59,930
[music]

1927
01:35:01,279 --> 01:35:07,759
One Union officer complains, "They will

1928
01:35:04,000 --> 01:35:10,354
not even wait for January 1st. I do not

1929
01:35:07,760 --> 01:35:11,360
know what we shall do with them.

1930
01:35:10,354 --> 01:35:14,319
[singing]

1931
01:35:11,359 --> 01:35:18,215
For the enslaved, the Union garrison at

1932
01:35:14,319 --> 01:35:20,235
Corinth has become a beacon of hope.

1933
01:35:18,216 --> 01:35:20,236
[singing]

1934
01:35:20,399 --> 01:35:27,759
Corinth is just a short

1935
01:35:24,880 --> 01:35:30,239
2 or three days walk from the bread

1936
01:35:27,760 --> 01:35:32,000
basket of Mississippi.

1937
01:35:30,238 --> 01:35:33,599
There were large plantations and there

1938
01:35:32,000 --> 01:35:36,319
were large farms and a significant

1939
01:35:33,600 --> 01:35:38,000
number of slaves. Same is true along the

1940
01:35:36,319 --> 01:35:40,960
Tennessee River Basin in northern

1941
01:35:38,000 --> 01:35:43,359
Alabama. There's a significantly large

1942
01:35:40,960 --> 01:35:46,239
number of slaves. It's a sizable

1943
01:35:43,359 --> 01:35:48,238
prepoundonderance of of slaves present.

1944
01:35:46,238 --> 01:35:50,638
Therefore, they're in close proximity to

1945
01:35:48,238 --> 01:35:53,119
what the lynch pin of Union control in

1946
01:35:50,639 --> 01:35:56,560
northeast Mississippi, which is Corinth,

1947
01:35:53,119 --> 01:35:59,559
once it falls and is occupied by Union

1948
01:35:56,560 --> 01:35:59,560
forces.

1949
01:36:06,238 --> 01:36:10,799
In the years leading up to the war,

1950
01:36:08,639 --> 01:36:13,199
small bands of escaping slaves sought

1951
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:16,600
freedom along an underground railroad

1952
01:36:13,198 --> 01:36:16,599
leading north.

1953
01:36:20,479 --> 01:36:25,439
But this mass movement towards Corinth

1954
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:28,320
and other areas in the south is unlike

1955
01:36:25,439 --> 01:36:31,919
anything before.

1956
01:36:28,319 --> 01:36:34,319
Before the war, we tended to see men

1957
01:36:31,920 --> 01:36:37,471
running on their own. We did not see

1958
01:36:34,319 --> 01:36:39,840
whole families. We did not see couples

1959
01:36:37,470 --> 01:36:42,799
[clears throat] bringing their children.

1960
01:36:39,840 --> 01:36:45,279
This time around, they did because they

1961
01:36:42,800 --> 01:36:46,800
calculated in their minds that this was

1962
01:36:45,279 --> 01:36:49,118
the [music] moment when freedom was

1963
01:36:46,800 --> 01:36:52,536
going to come. So, this was the moment

1964
01:36:49,118 --> 01:36:53,519
to get the entire family out of slavery

1965
01:36:52,536 --> 01:36:55,118
[music]

1966
01:36:53,520 --> 01:36:57,777
because it was actually going to happen

1967
01:36:55,118 --> 01:36:58,559
this time.

1968
01:36:57,777 --> 01:37:02,719
[music]

1969
01:36:58,560 --> 01:37:05,600
By war's end, some 500,000 to 1 million

1970
01:37:02,719 --> 01:37:10,279
of the South's 4 million slaves will

1971
01:37:05,600 --> 01:37:10,280
have escaped to Union lines.

1972
01:37:10,479 --> 01:37:17,839
The very presence of a contraband camp,

1973
01:37:13,760 --> 01:37:21,440
I think, speaks to the testimony of

1974
01:37:17,840 --> 01:37:26,199
black people's ability to create power

1975
01:37:21,439 --> 01:37:26,198
even in the most powerless situation.

1976
01:37:26,800 --> 01:37:31,440
The Union [music] garrison in Corinth is

1977
01:37:29,118 --> 01:37:35,000
in fact illequipped to deal with the

1978
01:37:31,439 --> 01:37:35,000
thousands of refugees.

1979
01:37:35,600 --> 01:37:40,239
For many soldiers, it is the first time

1980
01:37:38,079 --> 01:37:44,800
they come face to face with the sheer

1981
01:37:40,238 --> 01:37:46,319
magnitude of the institution of slavery.

1982
01:37:44,800 --> 01:37:47,760
I mean, if you grew up in Michigan, you

1983
01:37:46,319 --> 01:37:50,079
had a good chance you had never seen an

1984
01:37:47,760 --> 01:37:51,760
African-American

1985
01:37:50,079 --> 01:37:53,920
ever.

1986
01:37:51,760 --> 01:37:55,039
If you grew up in Iowa, you had a real

1987
01:37:53,920 --> 01:37:58,079
good chance you'd never seen an

1988
01:37:55,039 --> 01:37:59,600
African-American ever in your entire

1989
01:37:58,079 --> 01:38:04,158
life.

1990
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:07,600
Then you start you start experiencing it

1991
01:38:04,158 --> 01:38:12,198
and you seeing the conditions in which

1992
01:38:07,600 --> 01:38:12,199
they exist within this society.

1993
01:38:15,118 --> 01:38:21,279
For temporary shelter, the Union Army

1994
01:38:18,000 --> 01:38:23,840
issues the contraband's old army tents.

1995
01:38:21,279 --> 01:38:26,880
But at Corinth, the former slaves are

1996
01:38:23,840 --> 01:38:29,520
determined to transform a refugee camp

1997
01:38:26,880 --> 01:38:32,319
into a community.

1998
01:38:29,520 --> 01:38:35,520
They lay out streets, build a church,

1999
01:38:32,319 --> 01:38:38,479
hospital, and school.

2000
01:38:35,520 --> 01:38:40,080
They plant and harvest crops. Most

2001
01:38:38,479 --> 01:38:43,279
importantly,

2002
01:38:40,079 --> 01:38:45,760
they plant seeds of hope.

2003
01:38:43,279 --> 01:38:47,679
We've escaped. So now let us do what we

2004
01:38:45,760 --> 01:38:50,159
have always been trained to do. We will

2005
01:38:47,679 --> 01:38:53,520
set up our own camps. We will live in

2006
01:38:50,158 --> 01:38:56,399
these spaces. We will grow food. We will

2007
01:38:53,520 --> 01:38:59,760
try to heal each other. We will try to

2008
01:38:56,399 --> 01:39:02,638
live out some semblance of life as free

2009
01:38:59,760 --> 01:39:05,039
people or at least quasi free people.

2010
01:39:02,639 --> 01:39:07,600
And so they did what they had always

2011
01:39:05,039 --> 01:39:09,760
done. They served each other. They

2012
01:39:07,600 --> 01:39:12,480
served white people because that's what

2013
01:39:09,760 --> 01:39:15,440
slaves are trained to do.

2014
01:39:12,479 --> 01:39:18,319
except they now for the first time are

2015
01:39:15,439 --> 01:39:21,279
paid for their labor. It is just part of

2016
01:39:18,319 --> 01:39:23,439
the transition from slave to freed men

2017
01:39:21,279 --> 01:39:26,960
and women.

2018
01:39:23,439 --> 01:39:29,198
Do you know any words that start with I?

2019
01:39:26,960 --> 01:39:33,118
In the south, it is illegal to teach

2020
01:39:29,198 --> 01:39:34,879
slaves how to read and write.

2021
01:39:33,118 --> 01:39:36,799
At Corinth,

2022
01:39:34,880 --> 01:39:39,118
volunteers from the American Missionary

2023
01:39:36,800 --> 01:39:41,840
Association arrive to instruct the

2024
01:39:39,118 --> 01:39:45,039
refugees. They do this because they

2025
01:39:41,840 --> 01:39:48,480
recognize that freedom is not going to

2026
01:39:45,039 --> 01:39:51,359
mean much until these men, women, and

2027
01:39:48,479 --> 01:39:54,959
children learn to read and write and are

2028
01:39:51,359 --> 01:39:57,759
educated. And so this becomes a focus of

2029
01:39:54,960 --> 01:40:01,359
life there in this Corinth contraband

2030
01:39:57,760 --> 01:40:03,039
camp. And the numbers increase. By March

2031
01:40:01,359 --> 01:40:05,679
1863,

2032
01:40:03,039 --> 01:40:07,519
there are about 3,600

2033
01:40:05,679 --> 01:40:10,000
men, women, and children there. Almost

2034
01:40:07,520 --> 01:40:12,800
half of them are children.

2035
01:40:10,000 --> 01:40:14,960
In just a few months, Corinth becomes a

2036
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:17,119
model contraband camp in the Union

2037
01:40:14,960 --> 01:40:21,239
occupied south.

2038
01:40:17,118 --> 01:40:21,238
But the success is short-lived.

2039
01:40:22,560 --> 01:40:25,920
Inevitably,

2040
01:40:24,079 --> 01:40:29,519
the Union force at Corinth [music] is

2041
01:40:25,920 --> 01:40:33,319
ordered to move on

2042
01:40:29,520 --> 01:40:33,320
and so are the contrabands.

2043
01:40:34,960 --> 01:40:40,319
They are forced to leave the community

2044
01:40:36,639 --> 01:40:40,319
they had helped to build.

2045
01:40:41,679 --> 01:40:48,520
and travel 100 miles to a refugee center

2046
01:40:45,198 --> 01:40:48,519
in Memphis.

2047
01:40:48,880 --> 01:40:52,880
And that's the end [music] of the

2048
01:40:50,238 --> 01:40:56,718
Corinth contraband camp. It disappears.

2049
01:40:52,880 --> 01:40:59,679
It's done. So, its life is short. It has

2050
01:40:56,719 --> 01:41:02,319
a lot of hope and a lot of promise, but

2051
01:40:59,679 --> 01:41:04,480
it is blown away in some ways by the

2052
01:41:02,319 --> 01:41:06,399
military, the changes in the military

2053
01:41:04,479 --> 01:41:08,959
situation. [music] And in some ways that

2054
01:41:06,399 --> 01:41:11,439
really is representative of what happens

2055
01:41:08,960 --> 01:41:13,840
in a lot of places and tells us

2056
01:41:11,439 --> 01:41:16,638
something about what it means to become

2057
01:41:13,840 --> 01:41:18,639
free in the middle of a war. The

2058
01:41:16,639 --> 01:41:21,199
military situation [music] is constantly

2059
01:41:18,639 --> 01:41:23,039
creating upheavalss in the lives of

2060
01:41:21,198 --> 01:41:25,839
these men, women, and children trying to

2061
01:41:23,039 --> 01:41:27,679
become free. So the story of Corinth is

2062
01:41:25,840 --> 01:41:30,679
in some ways the story of what happens

2063
01:41:27,679 --> 01:41:30,679
everywhere.

2064
01:41:33,840 --> 01:41:40,239
The Corinth Contraband camp was at once

2065
01:41:36,238 --> 01:41:44,319
a glimpse into a life of freedom

2066
01:41:40,238 --> 01:41:46,879
and a harbinger of the struggles ahead.

2067
01:41:44,319 --> 01:41:48,399
Its brief success is a glimmer of hope

2068
01:41:46,880 --> 01:41:51,760
in a year [music] that has seen North

2069
01:41:48,399 --> 01:41:55,204
and South spiral into an abyss of hard

2070
01:41:51,760 --> 01:41:55,204
war. [music]

2071
01:42:04,238 --> 01:42:09,519
In December at Fredericksburg, Virginia,

2072
01:42:07,198 --> 01:42:11,519
is still another colossal blunder by a

2073
01:42:09,520 --> 01:42:15,600
Union general.

2074
01:42:11,520 --> 01:42:17,679
This time, Ambrose Burnside.

2075
01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:20,639
In a series of ill-advised frontal

2076
01:42:17,679 --> 01:42:23,359
assaults, Burnside's men are slaughtered

2077
01:42:20,639 --> 01:42:26,719
by Roberty Lee's Confederates positioned

2078
01:42:23,359 --> 01:42:29,439
along the heights above the town.

2079
01:42:26,719 --> 01:42:32,239
One Confederate at Fredericksburg stated

2080
01:42:29,439 --> 01:42:35,678
the charging Federals melted like snow

2081
01:42:32,238 --> 01:42:38,079
coming down on a warm ground.

2082
01:42:35,679 --> 01:42:40,719
The Union debacle at Fredericksburg

2083
01:42:38,079 --> 01:42:43,719
results in 12,000 [music] senseless

2084
01:42:40,719 --> 01:42:43,719
casualties.

2085
01:42:44,000 --> 01:42:50,319
2 weeks later in the Western Theater is

2086
01:42:47,039 --> 01:42:54,519
another Titanic battle. This one near

2087
01:42:50,319 --> 01:42:54,519
the Tennessee town of Murreey'sboro.

2088
01:42:54,960 --> 01:42:59,039
Along the Stones River on the final day

2089
01:42:57,039 --> 01:43:01,359
of 1862,

2090
01:42:59,039 --> 01:43:05,679
Union and Confederate forces square off

2091
01:43:01,359 --> 01:43:08,639
for control of Middle Tennessee.

2092
01:43:05,679 --> 01:43:11,920
For 2 days, the massive armies collide

2093
01:43:08,639 --> 01:43:14,639
at places aptly named Hell's Halfacre

2094
01:43:11,920 --> 01:43:17,679
and the Slaughter Pen.

2095
01:43:14,639 --> 01:43:20,000
Union forces led by General William Rose

2096
01:43:17,679 --> 01:43:22,639
Cray force the Confederate [music] army

2097
01:43:20,000 --> 01:43:24,719
to retreat.

2098
01:43:22,639 --> 01:43:26,719
It is a victory Lincoln desperately

2099
01:43:24,719 --> 01:43:28,960
needs,

2100
01:43:26,719 --> 01:43:31,840
but the cost in human lives is

2101
01:43:28,960 --> 01:43:34,800
staggering.

2102
01:43:31,840 --> 01:43:36,676
At the Battle of Stones River, Union and

2103
01:43:34,800 --> 01:43:41,320
Confederate armies lose a stunning

2104
01:43:36,676 --> 01:43:41,320
[music] 31% of their men.

2105
01:43:42,158 --> 01:43:47,879
The casualties exceed even those of

2106
01:43:44,479 --> 01:43:47,879
Bloody Shiloh.

2107
01:43:48,079 --> 01:43:52,479
The shocking death tolls are another

2108
01:43:50,079 --> 01:43:57,238
nightmare to a public now growing numb

2109
01:43:52,479 --> 01:43:57,238
to the bloodbaths of the Civil War.

2110
01:43:58,000 --> 01:44:03,439
Lincoln says, "If there is a worse place

2111
01:44:01,279 --> 01:44:07,079
than hell,

2112
01:44:03,439 --> 01:44:07,079
I am in it."

2113
01:44:08,800 --> 01:44:14,560
went through

2114
01:44:10,960 --> 01:44:18,920
fiery trials.

2115
01:44:14,560 --> 01:44:18,920
In the dying light of 1862,

2116
01:44:19,840 --> 01:44:24,400
America's fiery trial now seems to be a

2117
01:44:22,960 --> 01:44:26,158
war

2118
01:44:24,399 --> 01:44:28,079
without end.

2119
01:44:26,158 --> 01:44:32,000
The flame

2120
01:44:28,079 --> 01:44:37,559
shall not hurt thee.

2121
01:44:32,000 --> 01:44:37,560
I won't be designs

2122
01:44:39,118 --> 01:44:48,920
to consume

2123
01:44:42,319 --> 01:44:48,920
and I go to find

2124
01:44:59,439 --> 01:45:03,519
when Lincoln issued the Emancipation

2125
01:45:01,198 --> 01:45:06,000
proclamation. It's hardly an inspiring

2126
01:45:03,520 --> 01:45:08,159
document, but there are two words in

2127
01:45:06,000 --> 01:45:11,118
that document,

2128
01:45:08,158 --> 01:45:14,000
forever free.

2129
01:45:11,118 --> 01:45:17,279
And those two words, they set in motion

2130
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:19,279
a chain of revolutionary events. The

2131
01:45:17,279 --> 01:45:21,679
people at the time, northerners and

2132
01:45:19,279 --> 01:45:24,559
southerners, they understood that the

2133
01:45:21,679 --> 01:45:26,800
stakes of the game had been raised and

2134
01:45:24,560 --> 01:45:29,360
that this would be a death match to the

2135
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:32,079
finish. Everything's hanging in the

2136
01:45:29,359 --> 01:45:32,079
balance.

2137
01:45:33,266 --> 01:45:35,287
[music]

2138
01:45:39,162 --> 01:45:41,182
[music]

2139
01:45:43,092 --> 01:45:45,113
[bell]

2140
01:45:45,118 --> 01:45:50,399
It is a date abolitionist Frederick

2141
01:45:47,439 --> 01:45:52,972
Douglas Cole's greater than July 4th,

2142
01:45:50,399 --> 01:45:52,972
1776. [music]

2143
01:45:53,198 --> 01:45:57,599
In midafter afternoon on the first day

2144
01:45:55,198 --> 01:46:00,319
of 1863,

2145
01:45:57,600 --> 01:46:03,280
President Abraham Lincoln has just

2146
01:46:00,319 --> 01:46:06,279
penned his name to the Emancipation

2147
01:46:03,279 --> 01:46:06,279
Proclamation.

2148
01:46:06,560 --> 01:46:11,039
With his signature,

2149
01:46:08,960 --> 01:46:14,533
Lincoln [music] proclaims more than 3

2150
01:46:11,039 --> 01:46:19,880
million slaves in the rebelling states

2151
01:46:14,533 --> 01:46:19,880
[music] to be forever free.

2152
01:46:20,719 --> 01:46:24,319
When Lincoln [music] issued the

2153
01:46:21,920 --> 01:46:26,319
Emancipation Proclamation, he now

2154
01:46:24,319 --> 01:46:28,079
fundamentally brought together the cause

2155
01:46:26,319 --> 01:46:29,118
of union and the cause of ending

2156
01:46:28,079 --> 01:46:31,519
slavery. [music]

2157
01:46:29,118 --> 01:46:33,359
These two causes that he had not fused

2158
01:46:31,520 --> 01:46:36,560
at the beginning of the war now came

2159
01:46:33,359 --> 01:46:38,559
together. And so what this meant for the

2160
01:46:36,560 --> 01:46:40,159
North and for these northern soldiers

2161
01:46:38,560 --> 01:46:42,159
that when they said they were fighting

2162
01:46:40,158 --> 01:46:45,279
for the Union, they are now fighting to

2163
01:46:42,158 --> 01:46:49,960
end slavery. So the meaning of the war

2164
01:46:45,279 --> 01:46:49,960
changed in a pretty dramatic way.

2165
01:46:53,177 --> 01:46:56,960
[cheering]

2166
01:46:54,560 --> 01:46:59,920
Lincoln's signature is a history-making

2167
01:46:56,960 --> 01:47:04,158
exclamation point to nearly 2 years of

2168
01:46:59,920 --> 01:47:07,118
civil war. When the war began,

2169
01:47:04,158 --> 01:47:09,279
Americans in the North and South

2170
01:47:07,118 --> 01:47:11,759
believed it could be decided by a single

2171
01:47:09,279 --> 01:47:14,399
grand battle.

2172
01:47:11,760 --> 01:47:16,960
By the end of 1862,

2173
01:47:14,399 --> 01:47:20,719
it seemed as if the very gates of hell

2174
01:47:16,960 --> 01:47:20,719
had been pried open.

2175
01:47:22,158 --> 01:47:27,198
The battle casualties were numbers no

2176
01:47:24,479 --> 01:47:30,439
American, north or south, could ever

2177
01:47:27,198 --> 01:47:30,439
have imagined.

2178
01:47:30,639 --> 01:47:35,199
A two-day battle in western Tennessee

2179
01:47:32,479 --> 01:47:38,800
[music] in a place known as Shiloh left

2180
01:47:35,198 --> 01:47:41,919
more than 24,000 killed, wounded, or

2181
01:47:38,800 --> 01:47:45,520
missing. In Maryland, the Battle of

2182
01:47:41,920 --> 01:47:51,079
Antidum yielded 22,000 casualties to

2183
01:47:45,520 --> 01:47:51,080
both armies in a single day.

2184
01:47:52,128 --> 01:47:54,149
[music]

2185
01:48:00,399 --> 01:48:04,960
The enslaved have been seizing their own

2186
01:48:02,319 --> 01:48:07,359
destiny.

2187
01:48:04,960 --> 01:48:09,600
Thousands of men, women, and children

2188
01:48:07,359 --> 01:48:13,089
have already escaped from plantations

2189
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:15,110
and have found refuge with Union forces.

2190
01:48:13,090 --> 01:48:15,110
[singing]

2191
01:48:18,000 --> 01:48:22,079
By law, the escaping slaves were still

2192
01:48:20,639 --> 01:48:25,600
the legal property of their southern

2193
01:48:22,079 --> 01:48:28,079
owners. Their actions in the midst of a

2194
01:48:25,600 --> 01:48:31,119
rebellion have forced the US government

2195
01:48:28,079 --> 01:48:35,198
to revisit a fundamental question.

2196
01:48:31,118 --> 01:48:38,079
Were the escaping slaves free?

2197
01:48:35,198 --> 01:48:40,879
The simple fact that slaves have fled

2198
01:48:38,079 --> 01:48:43,600
and slaves have been protected

2199
01:48:40,880 --> 01:48:45,840
in essence taken in as contrabands of

2200
01:48:43,600 --> 01:48:47,280
war has altered the shape of things

2201
01:48:45,840 --> 01:48:48,719
because we have a fugitive slave act

2202
01:48:47,279 --> 01:48:52,559
that says by law they're supposed to be

2203
01:48:48,719 --> 01:48:53,760
returned to their rifle owners. And that

2204
01:48:52,560 --> 01:48:56,000
of course had been challenged in the

2205
01:48:53,760 --> 01:49:00,400
Supreme Court. And guess what? The court

2206
01:48:56,000 --> 01:49:02,479
of land said the law is the law.

2207
01:49:00,399 --> 01:49:04,879
So here the wars altered that the wall

2208
01:49:02,479 --> 01:49:06,479
the war has said the law don't mean

2209
01:49:04,880 --> 01:49:10,039
squat.

2210
01:49:06,479 --> 01:49:10,039
And it says

2211
01:49:10,560 --> 01:49:18,840
that on first day of January in the year

2212
01:49:14,158 --> 01:49:18,839
of our Lord 1,863

2213
01:49:19,679 --> 01:49:24,399
all persons held as slaves.

2214
01:49:22,319 --> 01:49:26,960
Word of the Emancipation Proclamation

2215
01:49:24,399 --> 01:49:28,960
spreads among the over 3 million people

2216
01:49:26,960 --> 01:49:31,760
in bondage.

2217
01:49:28,960 --> 01:49:34,719
The news is met with a combination of

2218
01:49:31,760 --> 01:49:37,039
joy, relief,

2219
01:49:34,719 --> 01:49:40,000
and trepidation.

2220
01:49:37,039 --> 01:49:42,079
My brothers and sisters, do you realize

2221
01:49:40,000 --> 01:49:44,158
what that means?

2222
01:49:42,079 --> 01:49:46,639
We free.

2223
01:49:44,158 --> 01:49:48,879
We free.

2224
01:49:46,639 --> 01:49:50,960
So they were they were happy but

2225
01:49:48,880 --> 01:49:55,600
cautiously optimistic.

2226
01:49:50,960 --> 01:49:57,840
Signed Abraham Lincoln in Washington DC.

2227
01:49:55,600 --> 01:49:59,360
At least they knew that the Emancipation

2228
01:49:57,840 --> 01:50:02,000
Proclamation

2229
01:49:59,359 --> 01:50:04,880
symbolized the promise of freedom, that

2230
01:50:02,000 --> 01:50:07,520
there was now hope because their own

2231
01:50:04,880 --> 01:50:11,239
needs were legitimized by the president

2232
01:50:07,520 --> 01:50:11,239
of the United States.

2233
01:50:13,439 --> 01:50:19,919
And yet Lincoln's proclamation only

2234
01:50:17,039 --> 01:50:22,399
applies to slaves within the rebelling

2235
01:50:19,920 --> 01:50:25,600
states.

2236
01:50:22,399 --> 01:50:28,000
Here's one for mama.

2237
01:50:25,600 --> 01:50:31,920
Under the proclamation, [music] some

2238
01:50:28,000 --> 01:50:34,079
800,000 remain enslaved in four border

2239
01:50:31,920 --> 01:50:37,359
states and [music] areas in the south

2240
01:50:34,079 --> 01:50:39,519
under Union control.

2241
01:50:37,359 --> 01:50:40,799
Lincoln's birth state of Kentucky alone

2242
01:50:39,520 --> 01:50:44,840
has a [music] quarter of a million

2243
01:50:40,800 --> 01:50:44,840
slaves within its borders.

2244
01:50:47,118 --> 01:50:52,799
Kentucky,

2245
01:50:48,639 --> 01:50:54,560
Delaware, Maryland, and Missouri are

2246
01:50:52,800 --> 01:50:57,360
slave states that have reluctantly

2247
01:50:54,560 --> 01:50:59,760
remained loyal to the Union.

2248
01:50:57,359 --> 01:51:01,599
Since the war began, one of Lincoln's

2249
01:50:59,760 --> 01:51:05,639
greatest fears has been losing the

2250
01:51:01,600 --> 01:51:05,639
border states to the Confederacy.

2251
01:51:06,079 --> 01:51:12,559
Lincoln is reputed to say, "I hope to

2252
01:51:09,600 --> 01:51:17,079
have God on my side,

2253
01:51:12,560 --> 01:51:17,080
but I must also have Kentucky.

2254
01:51:21,039 --> 01:51:24,000
What are you What are you doing sitting

2255
01:51:22,479 --> 01:51:27,198
on the ground?"

2256
01:51:24,000 --> 01:51:29,439
In truth, the Emancipation Proclamation

2257
01:51:27,198 --> 01:51:31,599
does not immediately free those still

2258
01:51:29,439 --> 01:51:32,559
enslaved in the Confederacy. [music]

2259
01:51:31,600 --> 01:51:35,520
Tired, huh?

2260
01:51:32,560 --> 01:51:37,039
You're tired. You're tired. Don't you

2261
01:51:35,520 --> 01:51:39,199
think I'm tired standing out [music] in

2262
01:51:37,039 --> 01:51:41,359
this field all day?

2263
01:51:39,198 --> 01:51:42,719
For Emma Stevenson and millions of

2264
01:51:41,359 --> 01:51:46,158
others,

2265
01:51:42,719 --> 01:51:49,242
1863 will be just another year of hard

2266
01:51:46,158 --> 01:51:51,261
labor, drudgery, and humiliation.

2267
01:51:49,242 --> 01:51:51,262
[music]

2268
01:51:51,359 --> 01:51:54,960
What you doing in my way, boy? Get up

2269
01:51:53,198 --> 01:51:57,198
off. [music]

2270
01:51:54,960 --> 01:51:59,599
Lincoln's proclamation is an empty

2271
01:51:57,198 --> 01:52:03,198
promise without the power of the United

2272
01:51:59,599 --> 01:52:05,039
States Army to [music] enforce it.

2273
01:52:03,198 --> 01:52:08,319
Well, the reaction of the South would be

2274
01:52:05,039 --> 01:52:10,800
initially one of, oh, this is desperate

2275
01:52:08,319 --> 01:52:12,479
major. It's laughable.

2276
01:52:10,800 --> 01:52:15,119
What do you mean that you're freeing the

2277
01:52:12,479 --> 01:52:17,359
slaves that we have?

2278
01:52:15,118 --> 01:52:20,238
You know, cuz you're not freeing

2279
01:52:17,359 --> 01:52:22,960
anything. They're still our slaves.

2280
01:52:20,238 --> 01:52:26,000
Uh, and you know, and as long as we

2281
01:52:22,960 --> 01:52:29,118
resist and your armies aren't present,

2282
01:52:26,000 --> 01:52:33,719
they're still slaves. So, in that sense,

2283
01:52:29,118 --> 01:52:33,719
it was viewed as a desperation.

2284
01:52:35,359 --> 01:52:41,679
For many in the North, [music] Lincoln

2285
01:52:37,599 --> 01:52:44,319
included, the situation in early 1863 is

2286
01:52:41,679 --> 01:52:46,239
one of desperation.

2287
01:52:44,319 --> 01:52:50,158
We must change our tactics [music]

2288
01:52:46,238 --> 01:52:52,319
or lose the game. Lincoln says

2289
01:52:50,158 --> 01:52:55,359
the president publicly positions the

2290
01:52:52,319 --> 01:52:57,359
Emancipation Proclamation as a war

2291
01:52:55,359 --> 01:53:00,158
measure to reunify [music]

2292
01:52:57,359 --> 01:53:03,039
the nation.

2293
01:53:00,158 --> 01:53:07,198
He also believes it's an act of justice.

2294
01:53:03,039 --> 01:53:09,359
He could not satisfy the constitutional

2295
01:53:07,198 --> 01:53:11,519
debate or [music] criticism or concerns

2296
01:53:09,359 --> 01:53:13,920
about emancipation by simply saying it's

2297
01:53:11,520 --> 01:53:16,000
morally right. He had to have a

2298
01:53:13,920 --> 01:53:18,239
constitutional argument. And the

2299
01:53:16,000 --> 01:53:21,198
argument in his mind becomes that this

2300
01:53:18,238 --> 01:53:23,598
is a military necessity.

2301
01:53:21,198 --> 01:53:26,000
and northerners as they saw this, it

2302
01:53:23,599 --> 01:53:29,760
began to dawn on them that the use of

2303
01:53:26,000 --> 01:53:31,760
slavery as a Confederate military asset

2304
01:53:29,760 --> 01:53:33,360
was what was prolonging and supporting

2305
01:53:31,760 --> 01:53:36,239
the Confederate effort to destroy the

2306
01:53:33,359 --> 01:53:38,639
Union. So for northern imaginations,

2307
01:53:36,238 --> 01:53:41,279
this business of slavery and rebellion

2308
01:53:38,639 --> 01:53:42,719
also began to converge.

2309
01:53:41,279 --> 01:53:44,719
And eventually, northerners were

2310
01:53:42,719 --> 01:53:46,480
beginning to be persuaded that if they

2311
01:53:44,719 --> 01:53:49,198
were going to restore the Union, they

2312
01:53:46,479 --> 01:53:51,678
would have to pull up slavery by the

2313
01:53:49,198 --> 01:53:54,719
roots because slavery was what was

2314
01:53:51,679 --> 01:53:57,440
nourishing rebellion.

2315
01:53:54,719 --> 01:54:00,319
The Emancipation Proclamation does more

2316
01:53:57,439 --> 01:54:05,039
than make people free. It gives all

2317
01:54:00,319 --> 01:54:06,880
black men the freedom to fight.

2318
01:54:05,039 --> 01:54:09,039
One of the greatest articles in the

2319
01:54:06,880 --> 01:54:11,520
Emancipation Proclamation is the one

2320
01:54:09,039 --> 01:54:14,079
that allows African-American men to

2321
01:54:11,520 --> 01:54:15,760
enlist in the United States Army. At

2322
01:54:14,079 --> 01:54:18,158
this point now, not only are you only

2323
01:54:15,760 --> 01:54:20,159
taking the aid, the labor that aids the

2324
01:54:18,158 --> 01:54:22,319
Confederate cause, but you're enlisting

2325
01:54:20,158 --> 01:54:27,000
that labor in [music] the armed forces

2326
01:54:22,319 --> 01:54:27,000
to be used against the Confederacy.

2327
01:54:27,753 --> 01:54:29,774
[singing]

2328
01:54:32,238 --> 01:54:39,519
Over the next two years of the war, some

2329
01:54:35,679 --> 01:54:42,819
200,000 African-Ameans will enlist in

2330
01:54:39,520 --> 01:54:44,159
the army and navy. [cheering]

2331
01:54:42,819 --> 01:54:46,880
[singing]

2332
01:54:44,158 --> 01:54:49,198
In the eyes of skeptical northerners,

2333
01:54:46,880 --> 01:54:52,719
these new soldiers must prove they can

2334
01:54:49,198 --> 01:54:56,573
kill before they are considered men.

2335
01:54:52,719 --> 01:54:58,239
to let [singing] my people.

2336
01:54:56,573 --> 01:55:01,359
[music]

2337
01:54:58,238 --> 01:55:03,839
The war effort and the enlistment of

2338
01:55:01,359 --> 01:55:05,839
black men into the war is so vital

2339
01:55:03,840 --> 01:55:08,800
because black men now have the

2340
01:55:05,840 --> 01:55:13,079
opportunity to not just say we're men,

2341
01:55:08,800 --> 01:55:13,079
but to prove their manhood.

2342
01:55:15,520 --> 01:55:23,119
And so now African-Amean men can wear

2343
01:55:18,639 --> 01:55:25,394
uniforms. they can work alongside white

2344
01:55:23,118 --> 01:55:27,413
men.

2345
01:55:25,394 --> 01:55:27,414
[singing and music]

2346
01:55:29,520 --> 01:55:36,320
And also, this is a way for Africanamean

2347
01:55:32,639 --> 01:55:40,079
men to show how you can live out and

2348
01:55:36,319 --> 01:55:42,424
perform freedom. This is how it looks to

2349
01:55:40,079 --> 01:55:44,444
be free.

2350
01:55:42,425 --> 01:55:44,445
[singing]

2351
01:55:45,118 --> 01:55:47,719
Ready. [music]

2352
01:55:50,939 --> 01:55:52,960
[music]

2353
01:56:01,118 --> 01:56:05,799
Aim.

2354
01:56:02,800 --> 01:56:05,800
FIRE.

2355
01:56:05,840 --> 01:56:13,440
Freedom to the newly emancipated

2356
01:56:08,639 --> 01:56:16,159
ultimately depends on Union victory.

2357
01:56:13,439 --> 01:56:18,399
In the spring of 1863,

2358
01:56:16,158 --> 01:56:20,879
the Union hopes to reverse a series of

2359
01:56:18,399 --> 01:56:23,920
stunning defeats at the hands of General

2360
01:56:20,880 --> 01:56:26,920
Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern

2361
01:56:23,920 --> 01:56:26,920
Virginia.

2362
01:56:28,479 --> 01:56:35,598
In spring, the Union Army of the PTOAC,

2363
01:56:32,399 --> 01:56:38,238
now commanded by Joseph Hooker, readies

2364
01:56:35,599 --> 01:56:40,880
to avenge the humiliating defeat to Lee

2365
01:56:38,238 --> 01:56:43,678
at Fredericksburg, Virginia.

2366
01:56:40,880 --> 01:56:46,159
Hooker's bold plan is to lure Lee out of

2367
01:56:43,679 --> 01:56:48,960
his defenses at Fredericksburg, then

2368
01:56:46,158 --> 01:56:51,839
destroy his Confederate army.

2369
01:56:48,960 --> 01:56:55,039
Just before the battle, Hooker boasts,

2370
01:56:51,840 --> 01:56:58,599
"May God have mercy on General Lee, for

2371
01:56:55,039 --> 01:56:58,599
I will have none."

2372
01:57:02,479 --> 01:57:08,079
About 10 miles west of Frederick'sburg

2373
01:57:05,599 --> 01:57:10,319
at a wilderness crossroads named

2374
01:57:08,079 --> 01:57:14,719
Chancellor'sville,

2375
01:57:10,319 --> 01:57:17,039
Hooker's bravado quickly fades.

2376
01:57:14,719 --> 01:57:19,920
The Battle of Chancellor'sville in May

2377
01:57:17,039 --> 01:57:22,158
1863

2378
01:57:19,920 --> 01:57:25,359
is yet another Union failure in the

2379
01:57:22,158 --> 01:57:28,879
Eastern Theater.

2380
01:57:25,359 --> 01:57:32,079
Though outnumbered 2 to1, Lee once again

2381
01:57:28,880 --> 01:57:34,560
outgenerals his Union counterpart.

2382
01:57:32,079 --> 01:57:37,105
Many consider Chancellorsville Lee's

2383
01:57:34,560 --> 01:57:37,106
greatest triumph. [music]

2384
01:57:38,158 --> 01:57:42,319
But the Confederate victory comes with a

2385
01:57:40,079 --> 01:57:44,911
heavy price.

2386
01:57:42,319 --> 01:57:47,279
Lee's most trusted lieutenant, Stonewall

2387
01:57:44,911 --> 01:57:49,440
[music] Jackson, is mortally wounded

2388
01:57:47,279 --> 01:57:52,439
from a bullet fired by one of his own

2389
01:57:49,439 --> 01:57:52,439
men.

2390
01:57:56,479 --> 01:58:01,919
With [music] nation's eyes on the fight

2391
01:57:58,238 --> 01:58:04,319
in Virginia, few in America are aware of

2392
01:58:01,920 --> 01:58:07,279
the unfolding drama emerging in the

2393
01:58:04,319 --> 01:58:08,490
West.

2394
01:58:07,279 --> 01:58:09,118
The lands between the Appalachians

2395
01:58:08,490 --> 01:58:13,000
[music]

2396
01:58:09,118 --> 01:58:13,000
and the Mississippi River.

2397
01:58:16,560 --> 01:58:21,400
Victories in Tennessee, at Shiloh,

2398
01:58:21,679 --> 01:58:27,520
and at Corinth in northern Mississippi

2399
01:58:24,639 --> 01:58:30,079
have Union forces poised to capture what

2400
01:58:27,520 --> 01:58:34,520
many consider [music] to be the biggest

2401
01:58:30,079 --> 01:58:34,519
prize in the Western campaign.

2402
01:58:35,039 --> 01:58:40,319
The Mississippi River is likened to the

2403
01:58:37,279 --> 01:58:43,206
trunk of the American tree with limbs

2404
01:58:40,319 --> 01:58:45,759
and branches reaching to the Alaganis,

2405
01:58:43,207 --> 01:58:48,560
[music] the Canadian border, and the

2406
01:58:45,760 --> 01:58:50,480
Rocky Mountains.

2407
01:58:48,560 --> 01:58:53,039
For northern farmers who need to get

2408
01:58:50,479 --> 01:58:56,000
their crops to market, the Mississippi

2409
01:58:53,039 --> 01:58:59,039
is their economic lifeblood.

2410
01:58:56,000 --> 01:59:00,719
During the past two years of war, that

2411
01:58:59,039 --> 01:59:02,560
lifeblood has been blocked by the

2412
01:59:00,719 --> 01:59:05,118
Confederates.

2413
01:59:02,560 --> 01:59:06,800
Lincoln had to look at the entire north

2414
01:59:05,118 --> 01:59:10,719
and when he looked across the

2415
01:59:06,800 --> 01:59:13,920
Appalachians, he saw Ohio, Indiana,

2416
01:59:10,719 --> 01:59:16,480
Illinois, Wisconsin, all of them

2417
01:59:13,920 --> 01:59:18,577
ultimately dependent on the commercial

2418
01:59:16,479 --> 01:59:22,000
traffic of the Mississippi Valley.

2419
01:59:18,577 --> 01:59:24,400
[music] When that is stopped up by the

2420
01:59:22,000 --> 01:59:26,639
secession of the Confederate states,

2421
01:59:24,399 --> 01:59:28,319
then the western states immediately

2422
01:59:26,639 --> 01:59:30,480
begin looking to their own self-interest

2423
01:59:28,319 --> 01:59:32,559
as the farmers, as the economies of

2424
01:59:30,479 --> 01:59:34,399
those states begin to hurt. If they

2425
01:59:32,560 --> 01:59:37,440
continue to hurt, if no measures are

2426
01:59:34,399 --> 01:59:40,399
taken to reopen the Mississippi Valley,

2427
01:59:37,439 --> 01:59:42,158
then the inhabitants of those states are

2428
01:59:40,399 --> 01:59:45,279
going to lose any kind of enthusiasm or

2429
01:59:42,158 --> 01:59:49,319
heart for the war. They may simply fold

2430
01:59:45,279 --> 01:59:49,319
their arms, refuse to cooperate.

2431
01:59:49,363 --> 01:59:53,280
[music]

2432
01:59:49,920 --> 01:59:56,158
Indiana is one of those states.

2433
01:59:53,279 --> 01:59:58,960
Governor Oliver Perry Morton strongly

2434
01:59:56,158 --> 02:00:02,719
backs Lincoln, but fears a civil war

2435
01:59:58,960 --> 02:00:05,039
within his own divided state.

2436
02:00:02,719 --> 02:00:07,118
Morton is convinced Indiana Democrats

2437
02:00:05,039 --> 02:00:11,238
will vote to secede [music] unless the

2438
02:00:07,118 --> 02:00:11,238
Mississippi River is reopened.

2439
02:00:12,319 --> 02:00:17,359
By the spring of 1863,

2440
02:00:15,118 --> 02:00:20,000
General Ulissiz S. Grant is determined

2441
02:00:17,359 --> 02:00:23,118
to do just that. [music]

2442
02:00:20,000 --> 02:00:25,439
Grant's sights are set on Vixsburg,

2443
02:00:23,118 --> 02:00:27,039
Mississippi, the most formidable

2444
02:00:25,439 --> 02:00:29,519
Confederate stronghold on the

2445
02:00:27,039 --> 02:00:31,359
Mississippi River.

2446
02:00:29,520 --> 02:00:34,239
The bustling river town [music] has a

2447
02:00:31,359 --> 02:00:37,679
population of 4600 and is the second

2448
02:00:34,238 --> 02:00:39,359
largest city in Mississippi.

2449
02:00:37,679 --> 02:00:41,440
Vixsburg is home to a large [music]

2450
02:00:39,359 --> 02:00:44,559
group of immigrants from Ireland,

2451
02:00:41,439 --> 02:00:46,638
Germany, and Great Britain. The home of

2452
02:00:44,560 --> 02:00:49,679
Confederate President Jefferson Davis is

2453
02:00:46,639 --> 02:00:52,079
just 20 m to [music] the south. The

2454
02:00:49,679 --> 02:00:54,000
symbol of Vixsburg's importance is the

2455
02:00:52,079 --> 02:00:56,319
recently completed Warren County

2456
02:00:54,000 --> 02:01:00,479
Courthouse, a magnificent brick

2457
02:00:56,319 --> 02:01:02,719
structure constructed using slave labor.

2458
02:01:00,479 --> 02:01:05,039
The Union controls the river just north

2459
02:01:02,719 --> 02:01:08,319
of [music] Vixsburg and to the south

2460
02:01:05,039 --> 02:01:10,639
from Baton Rouge to the Gulf of Mexico,

2461
02:01:08,319 --> 02:01:12,880
but Vixsburg guards a critical stretch

2462
02:01:10,639 --> 02:01:15,199
of the Mississippi, [music] still under

2463
02:01:12,880 --> 02:01:17,440
Confederate control.

2464
02:01:15,198 --> 02:01:18,879
Lincoln said, "Vixsburg is the key." He

2465
02:01:17,439 --> 02:01:21,062
said, "I've got to have that key in my

2466
02:01:18,880 --> 02:01:23,039
pocket." Jefferson Davis said, "Vixsburg

2467
02:01:21,063 --> 02:01:26,158
[music] is the nail head that holds the

2468
02:01:23,039 --> 02:01:28,719
two halves of the Confederacy together."

2469
02:01:26,158 --> 02:01:30,960
If that river falls into Union hands,

2470
02:01:28,719 --> 02:01:33,679
the [music] South is split in half. It

2471
02:01:30,960 --> 02:01:36,800
loses the father of waters, this this

2472
02:01:33,679 --> 02:01:39,679
great channel for for supplies and and

2473
02:01:36,800 --> 02:01:41,279
and and food and ammunition. Uh

2474
02:01:39,679 --> 02:01:44,399
something that [music] gives blood to

2475
02:01:41,279 --> 02:01:47,519
the Confederacy.

2476
02:01:44,399 --> 02:01:50,638
Called the Gibralar of the Confederacy,

2477
02:01:47,520 --> 02:01:53,040
Vixsburg is perched at top steep bluffs

2478
02:01:50,639 --> 02:01:55,118
overlooking a hairpin curve of the

2479
02:01:53,039 --> 02:01:57,519
Mississippi.

2480
02:01:55,118 --> 02:01:59,679
Batteries protect a river crossing where

2481
02:01:57,520 --> 02:02:01,920
cargo essential to the Confederate war

2482
02:01:59,679 --> 02:02:05,199
effort is transported to railroads on

2483
02:02:01,920 --> 02:02:07,039
either side. They are the only remaining

2484
02:02:05,198 --> 02:02:10,319
railroads connecting the western

2485
02:02:07,039 --> 02:02:11,840
Confederacy to the east. The

2486
02:02:10,319 --> 02:02:16,000
Confederates [music] are prepared to

2487
02:02:11,840 --> 02:02:19,279
defend Vixsburg at all costs.

2488
02:02:16,000 --> 02:02:21,920
Vixsburg is is so important because of

2489
02:02:19,279 --> 02:02:25,920
its geography, I think, and it's

2490
02:02:21,920 --> 02:02:32,359
surrounded by swamps.

2491
02:02:25,920 --> 02:02:32,359
So, how do you get control of Vixsburg?

2492
02:02:34,479 --> 02:02:41,879
Grant's ill-advised plan is to approach

2493
02:02:37,279 --> 02:02:41,880
through the swamps from the north.

2494
02:02:43,520 --> 02:02:48,320
Grant's subordinate, General William

2495
02:02:45,679 --> 02:02:52,109
Tecumsa Sherman, [music] is routed just

2496
02:02:48,319 --> 02:02:54,130
north of Vixsburg at Chickasaw Bayou.

2497
02:02:52,109 --> 02:02:54,130
[music]

2498
02:02:56,238 --> 02:03:00,479
Sherman's repulse is followed by a

2499
02:02:58,158 --> 02:03:03,879
series of failed advances by land and

2500
02:03:00,479 --> 02:03:03,879
naval forces.

2501
02:03:03,920 --> 02:03:08,484
The Union forces battle swamps and bayus

2502
02:03:06,639 --> 02:03:10,505
as much as they do the Confederates.

2503
02:03:08,484 --> 02:03:10,505
[music]

2504
02:03:11,039 --> 02:03:15,439
By April 1863,

2505
02:03:13,439 --> 02:03:19,674
Grant is no closer to Vixsburg than he

2506
02:03:15,439 --> 02:03:19,674
was 6 months earlier. [music]

2507
02:03:22,079 --> 02:03:27,439
Grant's next series of risky moves will

2508
02:03:24,960 --> 02:03:29,840
baffle the Confederates and astound even

2509
02:03:27,439 --> 02:03:32,960
his own men.

2510
02:03:29,840 --> 02:03:35,360
He orders the Union force to march south

2511
02:03:32,960 --> 02:03:37,305
through the soggy lands on the Louisiana

2512
02:03:35,359 --> 02:03:40,079
side of the river, safe from the big

2513
02:03:37,305 --> 02:03:43,280
[music] guns at Vixsburg.

2514
02:03:40,079 --> 02:03:45,875
Next, the Union forces do the

2515
02:03:43,279 --> 02:03:45,875
unthinkable. [music]

2516
02:03:49,520 --> 02:03:54,560
During a moonless night on the evening

2517
02:03:51,760 --> 02:03:57,520
of April 16th,

2518
02:03:54,560 --> 02:04:00,560
a fleet of Union ironclad warships and

2519
02:03:57,520 --> 02:04:02,320
unarmored transports led by David Dixon

2520
02:04:00,560 --> 02:04:04,639
Porter

2521
02:04:02,319 --> 02:04:07,679
attempts to sneak by the Confederate

2522
02:04:04,639 --> 02:04:10,800
defenses at Vixsburg.

2523
02:04:07,679 --> 02:04:14,079
As the batteries roar,

2524
02:04:10,800 --> 02:04:16,880
the Union ships run the gauntlet.

2525
02:04:14,079 --> 02:04:20,760
Somehow the battered Union flotilla

2526
02:04:16,880 --> 02:04:20,760
slits by Vixsburg.

2527
02:04:21,039 --> 02:04:26,880
Meanwhile, Grant's Overland Force in

2528
02:04:23,840 --> 02:04:29,279
Louisiana has marched to a point 40 m

2529
02:04:26,880 --> 02:04:32,079
south of Vixsburg. Along the

2530
02:04:29,279 --> 02:04:34,399
Mississippi, they are joined by Porter's

2531
02:04:32,079 --> 02:04:38,000
naval fleet and transported to the

2532
02:04:34,399 --> 02:04:40,960
Mississippi side of the river.

2533
02:04:38,000 --> 02:04:44,319
Instead of advancing to Vixsburg, Grant

2534
02:04:40,960 --> 02:04:46,158
boldly moves east.

2535
02:04:44,319 --> 02:04:48,639
The rails linking Jackson to [music]

2536
02:04:46,158 --> 02:04:50,879
Vixsburg are the only lifeline to the

2537
02:04:48,639 --> 02:04:52,639
Confederate Citadel.

2538
02:04:50,880 --> 02:04:55,279
In a bold [music] dash through West

2539
02:04:52,639 --> 02:04:58,239
Central Mississippi, Grant overwhelms

2540
02:04:55,279 --> 02:05:00,559
Confederate forces at Port Gibson, then

2541
02:04:58,238 --> 02:05:04,079
at Raymond.

2542
02:05:00,560 --> 02:05:05,731
On May 14th, Grant arrives at Jackson

2543
02:05:04,079 --> 02:05:06,639
and defeats another Confederate army.

2544
02:05:05,730 --> 02:05:10,079
[music]

2545
02:05:06,639 --> 02:05:12,079
This one led by General Joseph Johnston.

2546
02:05:10,079 --> 02:05:16,000
After destroying the military resources

2547
02:05:12,079 --> 02:05:18,960
at Jackson, Grant now turns back towards

2548
02:05:16,000 --> 02:05:20,960
Vixsburg.

2549
02:05:18,960 --> 02:05:24,319
That leads Confederate General John

2550
02:05:20,960 --> 02:05:29,480
Peton to march 23,000 men out of

2551
02:05:24,319 --> 02:05:29,479
Vixsburg to stop Grant's advance.

2552
02:05:34,238 --> 02:05:39,198
Peton's Confederates take positions

2553
02:05:36,399 --> 02:05:41,839
above a crossroads connecting Jackson to

2554
02:05:39,198 --> 02:05:45,279
Vixsburg.

2555
02:05:41,840 --> 02:05:48,400
A top Champion Hill, they deploy along a

2556
02:05:45,279 --> 02:05:50,719
threemile front.

2557
02:05:48,399 --> 02:05:54,238
The Confederate force is all that stands

2558
02:05:50,719 --> 02:05:59,560
between Grant and Vixsburg.

2559
02:05:54,238 --> 02:05:59,559
Ready, aim, [screaming] fire.

2560
02:06:01,198 --> 02:06:06,960
Shortly after 10:00 a.m.,

2561
02:06:04,000 --> 02:06:09,840
the vanguard of Grant's 32,000 men

2562
02:06:06,960 --> 02:06:12,000
advances up the hill.

2563
02:06:09,840 --> 02:06:16,520
The Battle of Champion Hill becomes the

2564
02:06:12,000 --> 02:06:16,520
bloodiest of the Vixsburg campaign.

2565
02:06:17,359 --> 02:06:23,679
One Confederate wrote, "The battle here

2566
02:06:20,079 --> 02:06:28,599
raged fearfully. One unbroken roar of

2567
02:06:23,679 --> 02:06:28,599
musketry was all that could be heard.

2568
02:06:30,960 --> 02:06:36,800
After a desperate struggle,

2569
02:06:34,639 --> 02:06:38,560
the Confederates withdraw from Champion

2570
02:06:36,800 --> 02:06:42,239
Hill.

2571
02:06:38,560 --> 02:06:44,320
Their retreat quickly becomes a route.

2572
02:06:42,238 --> 02:06:46,559
Pursued by Grant's army, the

2573
02:06:44,319 --> 02:06:50,840
Confederates race back towards Vixsburg

2574
02:06:46,560 --> 02:06:50,840
in panic and confusion.

2575
02:06:51,760 --> 02:06:56,239
At the Big Black River,

2576
02:06:54,319 --> 02:06:58,960
some put up a brief fight, but are

2577
02:06:56,238 --> 02:06:58,959
overwhelmed.

2578
02:06:59,439 --> 02:07:05,519
From there, Peton's humiliated army

2579
02:07:02,479 --> 02:07:09,759
limps back [music] to Vixsburg.

2580
02:07:05,520 --> 02:07:11,440
One resident wrote that an anxious doom

2581
02:07:09,760 --> 02:07:15,599
seemed to hang over the faces of the

2582
02:07:11,439 --> 02:07:19,399
men. A sorrowful tiding that all knew

2583
02:07:15,599 --> 02:07:19,400
would tell of disaster.

2584
02:07:19,920 --> 02:07:26,719
In the past 17 days, Grant's force has

2585
02:07:23,439 --> 02:07:30,238
moved 200 miles, met the enemy five

2586
02:07:26,719 --> 02:07:31,679
times, and been victorious in every

2587
02:07:30,238 --> 02:07:34,319
fight.

2588
02:07:31,679 --> 02:07:37,039
Grant's Vixsburg campaign is one of the

2589
02:07:34,319 --> 02:07:39,039
major campaigns in all of military

2590
02:07:37,039 --> 02:07:41,679
history. Not just [music] American, but

2591
02:07:39,039 --> 02:07:43,519
military history as a whole, because of

2592
02:07:41,679 --> 02:07:46,719
what he was able to achieve. [music]

2593
02:07:43,520 --> 02:07:49,199
I mean, he did things that nobody's

2594
02:07:46,719 --> 02:07:52,078
supposed to be able to do. People still

2595
02:07:49,198 --> 02:07:55,279
study this battle in modern times as to

2596
02:07:52,078 --> 02:07:57,342
how a general, an audacious general, a

2597
02:07:55,279 --> 02:08:00,880
general that has determination can

2598
02:07:57,342 --> 02:08:03,679
[music] get things done.

2599
02:08:00,880 --> 02:08:06,679
But what Grant hasn't done is take

2600
02:08:03,679 --> 02:08:06,679
Vixsburg.

2601
02:08:07,920 --> 02:08:13,118
The Confederate force of 35,000 works

2602
02:08:10,960 --> 02:08:16,158
feverishly to ready the 8 miles of

2603
02:08:13,118 --> 02:08:18,399
fortifications encircling the town. Pull

2604
02:08:16,158 --> 02:08:21,439
that down. Get it down. Get it down.

2605
02:08:18,399 --> 02:08:24,638
To the west, Union gunboats [music] now

2606
02:08:21,439 --> 02:08:27,118
control the river. To the east, more

2607
02:08:24,639 --> 02:08:29,760
than 40,000 Union troops quickly [music]

2608
02:08:27,118 --> 02:08:33,118
surround the city.

2609
02:08:29,760 --> 02:08:36,560
On May 19th,

2610
02:08:33,118 --> 02:08:40,359
then again on May 22nd,

2611
02:08:36,560 --> 02:08:40,360
Grant's troops attack,

2612
02:08:40,800 --> 02:08:46,920
but fail in their attempt to break

2613
02:08:42,639 --> 02:08:46,920
through the Confederate earthworks.

2614
02:08:47,760 --> 02:08:54,400
Grant's next and final move

2615
02:08:51,359 --> 02:08:57,039
to lay siege to Vixsburg.

2616
02:08:54,399 --> 02:09:01,279
In his memoir, Grant stated his goal was

2617
02:08:57,039 --> 02:09:04,238
to simply out camp the enemy.

2618
02:09:01,279 --> 02:09:06,158
In reality, Grant's plan is to starve

2619
02:09:04,238 --> 02:09:09,158
the defenders of Vixsburg into

2620
02:09:06,158 --> 02:09:09,158
submission.

2621
02:09:12,880 --> 02:09:17,199
Emma Balffor and [music] her husband, a

2622
02:09:14,880 --> 02:09:21,520
prominent physician,

2623
02:09:17,198 --> 02:09:24,078
live in a home overlooking the river.

2624
02:09:21,520 --> 02:09:27,280
Like many civilians in Vixsburg, the

2625
02:09:24,078 --> 02:09:31,039
Balffors refuse [music] to leave.

2626
02:09:27,279 --> 02:09:32,479
In her diary, Emma defiantly writes,

2627
02:09:31,039 --> 02:09:34,158
"The general [music] impression is that

2628
02:09:32,479 --> 02:09:35,678
they fire at this city in that way,

2629
02:09:34,158 --> 02:09:38,399
thinking they will wear out the women

2630
02:09:35,679 --> 02:09:40,000
and children.

2631
02:09:38,399 --> 02:09:41,039
General Peton will be impatient to

2632
02:09:40,000 --> 02:09:43,198
surrender the place on [music] that

2633
02:09:41,039 --> 02:09:45,359
account,

2634
02:09:43,198 --> 02:09:48,319
but they know little the spirit of

2635
02:09:45,359 --> 02:09:51,799
Vixsburg women and children if they

2636
02:09:48,319 --> 02:09:51,799
expect this

2637
02:09:52,560 --> 02:09:56,480
for protection from the relentless

2638
02:09:54,158 --> 02:09:59,118
shelling.

2639
02:09:56,479 --> 02:10:01,759
Many of the civilians dig caves into the

2640
02:09:59,118 --> 02:10:04,880
hillsides.

2641
02:10:01,760 --> 02:10:07,039
Mary Webster [ __ ] arrived in Vixsburg

2642
02:10:04,880 --> 02:10:08,960
in April with her husband, a Confederate

2643
02:10:07,039 --> 02:10:11,679
officer.

2644
02:10:08,960 --> 02:10:13,840
With her husband on the front line, Mary

2645
02:10:11,679 --> 02:10:17,399
is left to fend for herself and their

2646
02:10:13,840 --> 02:10:17,400
2-year-old daughter.

2647
02:10:20,880 --> 02:10:26,400
Terrorstricken, we remained crouched in

2648
02:10:23,439 --> 02:10:31,000
the cave while shell after shell

2649
02:10:26,399 --> 02:10:31,000
followed each other in quick secession.

2650
02:10:32,078 --> 02:10:37,118
I endeavored by constant prayer to

2651
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:41,119
prepare myself for the sudden death I

2652
02:10:37,118 --> 02:10:43,439
was almost certain awaited me.

2653
02:10:41,118 --> 02:10:46,799
My heart stood still as we would hear

2654
02:10:43,439 --> 02:10:49,678
the reports from the guns.

2655
02:10:46,800 --> 02:10:53,199
Cowering in a corner, holding my child

2656
02:10:49,679 --> 02:10:55,520
to my heart. The only feeling of my life

2657
02:10:53,198 --> 02:11:00,839
being the choking throbs of my heart

2658
02:10:55,520 --> 02:11:00,840
that rendered me almost breathless.

2659
02:11:06,078 --> 02:11:11,920
Day

2660
02:11:07,840 --> 02:11:17,159
after day after day, Grand's artillery

2661
02:11:11,920 --> 02:11:17,158
tries to pound Vixsburg into submission.

2662
02:11:29,359 --> 02:11:34,559
Even the righteousness of God, which is

2663
02:11:31,279 --> 02:11:38,319
by faith in Christ,

2664
02:11:34,560 --> 02:11:41,440
for all have sinned.

2665
02:11:38,319 --> 02:11:43,840
Reverend William Lord, his wife and

2666
02:11:41,439 --> 02:11:46,238
young daughter, endure the siege of

2667
02:11:43,840 --> 02:11:48,319
Vixsburg in a cave just yards from the

2668
02:11:46,238 --> 02:11:50,879
forward lines.

2669
02:11:48,319 --> 02:11:54,639
God will protect us.

2670
02:11:50,880 --> 02:11:59,319
God will protect us.

2671
02:11:54,639 --> 02:11:59,319
I'm afraid they got killed, too.

2672
02:12:13,279 --> 02:12:18,559
Confederate Secretary of War James

2673
02:12:15,359 --> 02:12:22,000
Seddin exhorts, "Vixsburg must not be

2674
02:12:18,560 --> 02:12:24,079
lost without a desperate struggle."

2675
02:12:22,000 --> 02:12:26,560
He orders General Joseph Johnston to

2676
02:12:24,078 --> 02:12:29,679
march his army from Jackson and attack

2677
02:12:26,560 --> 02:12:32,320
Grant from the east.

2678
02:12:29,679 --> 02:12:35,639
Johnston stalls, saying he does not have

2679
02:12:32,319 --> 02:12:35,639
enough men.

2680
02:12:37,039 --> 02:12:41,039
By June, the situation at Vixsburg is so

2681
02:12:39,520 --> 02:12:42,880
desperate [music] that Confederate

2682
02:12:41,039 --> 02:12:44,960
President Jefferson Davis considers

2683
02:12:42,880 --> 02:12:47,840
sending Roberty E. leave and part of the

2684
02:12:44,960 --> 02:12:50,480
Army of Northern Virginia a thousand m

2685
02:12:47,840 --> 02:12:51,440
westward to relieve enemy pressure on

2686
02:12:50,479 --> 02:12:53,439
the besieged [music]

2687
02:12:51,439 --> 02:12:55,118
city.

2688
02:12:53,439 --> 02:12:57,598
Instead,

2689
02:12:55,118 --> 02:12:59,598
Lee and Davis decide to invade the

2690
02:12:57,599 --> 02:13:01,760
North.

2691
02:12:59,599 --> 02:13:04,560
At the sleepy town of Gettysburg,

2692
02:13:01,760 --> 02:13:06,800
Pennsylvania, Lee's army of Northern

2693
02:13:04,560 --> 02:13:09,679
Virginia collides with the Union [music]

2694
02:13:06,800 --> 02:13:13,279
Army of the PTOAC, commanded by yet

2695
02:13:09,679 --> 02:13:17,199
another general. George me is its fourth

2696
02:13:13,279 --> 02:13:19,198
commander since the war began. Me says

2697
02:13:17,198 --> 02:13:23,759
Gettysburg will determine the fate of

2698
02:13:19,198 --> 02:13:25,919
our country and our cause.

2699
02:13:23,760 --> 02:13:29,039
All eyes in the summer of [music] 1863

2700
02:13:25,920 --> 02:13:31,599
were on two military situations. Lee's

2701
02:13:29,039 --> 02:13:34,479
raid into Pennsylvania and [music]

2702
02:13:31,599 --> 02:13:37,840
Grant's investment of the Confederate

2703
02:13:34,479 --> 02:13:41,198
bastion at Vixsburg. Both of those

2704
02:13:37,840 --> 02:13:45,319
military campaigns were crucial to the

2705
02:13:41,198 --> 02:13:45,319
fortunes of both sides.

2706
02:13:51,439 --> 02:13:57,039
After 3 days of savage fighting at

2707
02:13:54,000 --> 02:14:00,399
Gettysburg, Lee and his army of Northern

2708
02:13:57,039 --> 02:14:03,599
Virginia are defeated. [music]

2709
02:14:00,399 --> 02:14:07,118
The loss of life is catastrophic, even

2710
02:14:03,599 --> 02:14:10,159
by Civil War standards.

2711
02:14:07,118 --> 02:14:13,759
Some 50,000 [music] from north and south

2712
02:14:10,158 --> 02:14:16,000
are killed, wounded, or missing.

2713
02:14:13,760 --> 02:14:20,159
A New Jersey infantryman [music]

2714
02:14:16,000 --> 02:14:22,719
helping to bury the dead spoke of

2715
02:14:20,158 --> 02:14:25,359
the stench of decaying humanity hugging

2716
02:14:22,719 --> 02:14:29,399
the earth like a fog,

2717
02:14:25,359 --> 02:14:29,399
poisoning [music] every breath.

2718
02:14:30,479 --> 02:14:36,319
After the battle, Lee and his battered

2719
02:14:33,198 --> 02:14:38,479
army retreat back into Virginia.

2720
02:14:36,319 --> 02:14:40,158
For the remainder of the war, most of

2721
02:14:38,479 --> 02:14:43,559
the fighting will take place in and

2722
02:14:40,158 --> 02:14:43,559
around [music] Richmond.

2723
02:14:47,439 --> 02:14:52,158
While the battle at Gettysburg was

2724
02:14:49,279 --> 02:14:54,238
raging in Pennsylvania,

2725
02:14:52,158 --> 02:14:57,559
the siege of Vixsburg was entering its

2726
02:14:54,238 --> 02:14:57,559
final act.

2727
02:14:57,599 --> 02:15:02,319
For more than six weeks, the Gibralar of

2728
02:15:00,399 --> 02:15:05,960
the Confederacy has been cut off from

2729
02:15:02,319 --> 02:15:05,960
the outside world.

2730
02:15:10,158 --> 02:15:14,960
No food or supplies have reached the

2731
02:15:12,399 --> 02:15:18,679
30,000 soldiers and the thousands of

2732
02:15:14,960 --> 02:15:18,679
civilians inside.

2733
02:15:19,679 --> 02:15:26,599
Soldiers rations consist of a handful of

2734
02:15:22,319 --> 02:15:26,599
peas and rice per day.

2735
02:15:31,840 --> 02:15:38,960
Disease runs rampant.

2736
02:15:34,880 --> 02:15:41,520
The water supply is almost depleted.

2737
02:15:38,960 --> 02:15:44,760
The stifling midsummer heat only adds to

2738
02:15:41,520 --> 02:15:44,760
the misery.

2739
02:15:44,960 --> 02:15:50,719
I think that Grant saw the war in a

2740
02:15:49,279 --> 02:15:53,279
different way. And this is another

2741
02:15:50,719 --> 02:15:55,920
reason why Grant is ultimately so

2742
02:15:53,279 --> 02:15:59,039
successful.

2743
02:15:55,920 --> 02:16:01,118
Grant was fighting a war for a future

2744
02:15:59,039 --> 02:16:05,399
time.

2745
02:16:01,118 --> 02:16:05,399
It wasn't a gentleman's war.

2746
02:16:09,520 --> 02:16:13,360
On the very day Lee orders the

2747
02:16:11,520 --> 02:16:16,239
disastrous Pickicket's [music] charge at

2748
02:16:13,359 --> 02:16:21,559
Gettysburg, Confederate General John

2749
02:16:16,238 --> 02:16:21,559
Peton decides to surrender Vixsburg.

2750
02:16:22,158 --> 02:16:29,118
The next day, July [music] 4th, 1863,

2751
02:16:26,238 --> 02:16:32,679
Peton hands over his entire army to

2752
02:16:29,118 --> 02:16:32,679
Ulissiz Srant.

2753
02:16:33,840 --> 02:16:42,040
After 47 days,

2754
02:16:36,718 --> 02:16:42,039
the siege of Vixsburg is over.

2755
02:16:43,120 --> 02:16:49,960
At the Warren County Courthouse, the

2756
02:16:45,760 --> 02:16:49,960
Confederate flag is lowered

2757
02:16:50,398 --> 02:16:57,358
and the stars and stripes raised.

2758
02:16:54,478 --> 02:17:00,239
The victory at Vixsburg knocks [music]

2759
02:16:57,359 --> 02:17:02,239
open the lock that the Confederacy had

2760
02:17:00,239 --> 02:17:05,840
placed on the great commercial highway

2761
02:17:02,239 --> 02:17:09,199
of the Mississippi River [music] Valley.

2762
02:17:05,840 --> 02:17:13,359
A relieved Abraham Lincoln says,

2763
02:17:09,200 --> 02:17:17,679
"The father of waters flows again.

2764
02:17:13,359 --> 02:17:20,000
unvexed to the sea.

2765
02:17:17,679 --> 02:17:22,398
The defeat of Confederate forces at

2766
02:17:20,000 --> 02:17:25,840
Vixsburg, the defeat of [music] Leah

2767
02:17:22,398 --> 02:17:28,799
Gettysburg. together. The eyes of many

2768
02:17:25,840 --> 02:17:31,280
southerners, this was an irreversible

2769
02:17:28,799 --> 02:17:35,518
turn to defeat.

2770
02:17:31,280 --> 02:17:38,880
The loss of Pimton's force, significant,

2771
02:17:35,519 --> 02:17:41,040
and especially significant in terms of

2772
02:17:38,879 --> 02:17:44,039
how it affected the psyche of white

2773
02:17:41,040 --> 02:17:44,040
southerners.

2774
02:17:50,239 --> 02:17:54,959
Vixsburg is a crushing defeat. Yet, it

2775
02:17:53,120 --> 02:17:57,760
hardly sounds the death nail of the

2776
02:17:54,959 --> 02:18:00,079
Confederacy.

2777
02:17:57,760 --> 02:18:01,760
More than 300 m to the northeast [music]

2778
02:18:00,079 --> 02:18:07,159
in the rugged highlands of eastern

2779
02:18:01,760 --> 02:18:07,159
Tennessee, another campaign is underway.

2780
02:18:07,920 --> 02:18:14,200
The coming fight will help determine the

2781
02:18:10,000 --> 02:18:14,200
final outcome [music] of the war.

2782
02:18:15,439 --> 02:18:20,479
2 days after the fall of Vixsburg,

2783
02:18:18,079 --> 02:18:22,879
Secretary [music] of War Edwin Stanton

2784
02:18:20,478 --> 02:18:26,239
issues this challenge to Union General

2785
02:18:22,879 --> 02:18:28,398
William Stark Rose Crayons.

2786
02:18:26,239 --> 02:18:31,439
You and your noble army now have the

2787
02:18:28,398 --> 02:18:34,439
chance to give the finishing blow to the

2788
02:18:31,439 --> 02:18:34,439
rebellion.

2789
02:18:38,718 --> 02:18:42,558
Rose Cran commands the Army of the

2790
02:18:41,040 --> 02:18:47,240
Cumberland,

2791
02:18:42,558 --> 02:18:47,239
some 70,000 strong.

2792
02:18:47,760 --> 02:18:53,840
Standing in his way is the Confederate

2793
02:18:50,079 --> 02:18:57,558
Army of Tennessee, commanded by General

2794
02:18:53,840 --> 02:18:57,558
Braxton Bragg.

2795
02:18:58,959 --> 02:19:03,919
9 months earlier, Bragg's invasion into

2796
02:19:01,679 --> 02:19:06,318
Kentucky had ended in his defeat at

2797
02:19:03,920 --> 02:19:08,318
Perville.

2798
02:19:06,318 --> 02:19:12,239
In January, [music] his army was again

2799
02:19:08,318 --> 02:19:16,959
defeated near Murphy'sboro, Tennessee.

2800
02:19:12,239 --> 02:19:19,519
This time at the Battle of Stones River.

2801
02:19:16,959 --> 02:19:22,000
Now, the fate of the Deep South and some

2802
02:19:19,519 --> 02:19:24,639
say the Confederacy itself

2803
02:19:22,000 --> 02:19:28,120
lies with Bragg's ability to stop the

2804
02:19:24,638 --> 02:19:28,119
Union advance.

2805
02:19:28,318 --> 02:19:34,079
Of course, now Vixsburg has fallen.

2806
02:19:31,359 --> 02:19:38,000
Gettysburg has turned into a crushing

2807
02:19:34,079 --> 02:19:40,159
defeat for Lee. And so all the weight,

2808
02:19:38,000 --> 02:19:42,000
all the responsibility is on Brag

2809
02:19:40,159 --> 02:19:44,318
shoulders.

2810
02:19:42,000 --> 02:19:46,398
Since the beginning of the war, the

2811
02:19:44,318 --> 02:19:49,039
South has feverishly worked to create a

2812
02:19:46,398 --> 02:19:52,959
network of arsenals and factories that

2813
02:19:49,040 --> 02:19:56,800
now feed the Confederate war machine.

2814
02:19:52,959 --> 02:19:59,839
And by the summer of 1863,

2815
02:19:56,799 --> 02:20:02,159
the South industrial heartland was the

2816
02:19:59,840 --> 02:20:04,799
central Georgia and central Alabama

2817
02:20:02,159 --> 02:20:07,359
area.

2818
02:20:04,799 --> 02:20:10,159
It was essentially the very essence

2819
02:20:07,359 --> 02:20:12,880
inards and being of the south's bid for

2820
02:20:10,159 --> 02:20:15,760
independence. And as that complex had

2821
02:20:12,879 --> 02:20:18,639
grown in capacity, there was a growing

2822
02:20:15,760 --> 02:20:21,200
realization on the part of leaders in

2823
02:20:18,639 --> 02:20:22,879
the north that that military-industrial

2824
02:20:21,200 --> 02:20:25,520
complex was going to have to be

2825
02:20:22,879 --> 02:20:28,159
disrupted.

2826
02:20:25,520 --> 02:20:30,079
The Union invasion comes at a time when

2827
02:20:28,159 --> 02:20:32,879
civil unrest has [music] been spreading

2828
02:20:30,079 --> 02:20:35,200
throughout the Confederacy.

2829
02:20:32,879 --> 02:20:37,920
So-called bread riots in Richmond and

2830
02:20:35,200 --> 02:20:42,800
other southern cities are the byproducts

2831
02:20:37,920 --> 02:20:44,478
of massive inflation and food shortages.

2832
02:20:42,799 --> 02:20:45,759
But the most serious problem affecting

2833
02:20:44,478 --> 02:20:48,318
the home front [music] in the South

2834
02:20:45,760 --> 02:20:53,719
during the summer of 1863

2835
02:20:48,318 --> 02:20:53,719
is the loss of its men to the war.

2836
02:20:56,801 --> 02:21:01,039
[music] Joshua Callaway reluctantly

2837
02:20:58,959 --> 02:21:03,119
responds to the Alabama governor's call

2838
02:21:01,040 --> 02:21:04,160
for volunteers.

2839
02:21:03,120 --> 02:21:06,240
Callaway, [music]

2840
02:21:04,159 --> 02:21:09,600
a 28-year-old school teacher from a

2841
02:21:06,239 --> 02:21:12,079
small town near Selma, does not own any

2842
02:21:09,600 --> 02:21:14,479
slaves.

2843
02:21:12,079 --> 02:21:16,318
In April 1862, [music]

2844
02:21:14,478 --> 02:21:18,159
the Confederate government had issued an

2845
02:21:16,318 --> 02:21:22,239
order calling for men between the ages

2846
02:21:18,159 --> 02:21:23,920
of 18 and 35 to enlist for a 3-year

2847
02:21:22,239 --> 02:21:25,920
term.

2848
02:21:23,920 --> 02:21:28,960
It is the [music] first conscription act

2849
02:21:25,920 --> 02:21:30,879
ever imposed in America.

2850
02:21:28,959 --> 02:21:32,719
By volunteering,

2851
02:21:30,879 --> 02:21:34,478
Callaway avoids the stigma [music] of

2852
02:21:32,719 --> 02:21:37,279
being drafted.

2853
02:21:34,478 --> 02:21:40,760
He leaves behind two small children and

2854
02:21:37,280 --> 02:21:40,760
wife, [music] Dulania.

2855
02:21:41,600 --> 02:21:47,680
For a man like Joshua [music] Callaway,

2856
02:21:44,478 --> 02:21:49,219
the decision to fight involves a number

2857
02:21:47,680 --> 02:21:51,840
of different considerations. He's

2858
02:21:49,219 --> 02:21:54,639
[music] not one of the younger men. He's

2859
02:21:51,840 --> 02:21:58,079
not single. He's not without children.

2860
02:21:54,639 --> 02:22:00,159
He's got a wife and two children. and

2861
02:21:58,079 --> 02:22:03,120
he's been [music] working as a teacher

2862
02:22:00,159 --> 02:22:05,119
to support them and what's going to

2863
02:22:03,120 --> 02:22:09,200
happen to them when he goes off to

2864
02:22:05,120 --> 02:22:11,439
fight. So it's a difficult struggle in

2865
02:22:09,200 --> 02:22:15,000
his mind and in the minds of many other

2866
02:22:11,439 --> 02:22:15,000
men like him

2867
02:22:16,712 --> 02:22:18,731
[music]

2868
02:22:22,799 --> 02:22:29,199
battalion charge bayonet. [screaming]

2869
02:22:26,559 --> 02:22:31,519
By August 1863,

2870
02:22:29,200 --> 02:22:34,560
Joshua Callaway has become an officer in

2871
02:22:31,520 --> 02:22:36,800
the 28th Alabama.

2872
02:22:34,559 --> 02:22:38,398
Right shoulder shift arm.

2873
02:22:36,799 --> 02:22:40,398
He is amongst the thousands of

2874
02:22:38,398 --> 02:22:42,559
Confederates ready to defend the town

2875
02:22:40,398 --> 02:22:46,279
that has become the Union target [music]

2876
02:22:42,559 --> 02:22:46,279
in the coming campaign.

2877
02:22:46,799 --> 02:22:50,559
Nestled on the south bank of the

2878
02:22:48,398 --> 02:22:53,039
Tennessee River and surrounded by the

2879
02:22:50,559 --> 02:22:55,760
rugged southern Appalachians,

2880
02:22:53,040 --> 02:22:58,319
Chattanooga, Tennessee is the gateway to

2881
02:22:55,760 --> 02:23:00,639
the deep south.

2882
02:22:58,318 --> 02:23:02,799
Intersecting in Chattanooga are

2883
02:23:00,639 --> 02:23:05,279
railroads vital to the Confederate war

2884
02:23:02,799 --> 02:23:07,438
effort. They are the key to the

2885
02:23:05,280 --> 02:23:10,159
distribution of the war material

2886
02:23:07,439 --> 02:23:11,600
produced in central Georgia and central

2887
02:23:10,159 --> 02:23:13,600
Alabama.

2888
02:23:11,600 --> 02:23:16,880
The Chattanooga [music] region becomes

2889
02:23:13,600 --> 02:23:20,000
that doorway gateway passageway through

2890
02:23:16,879 --> 02:23:22,559
the protecting mountain barrier between

2891
02:23:20,000 --> 02:23:25,120
the northern armies and this ever

2892
02:23:22,559 --> 02:23:28,000
growing military-industrial complex in

2893
02:23:25,120 --> 02:23:30,399
central Georgia and central Alabama. So

2894
02:23:28,000 --> 02:23:32,959
anyone looking at a map didn't have to

2895
02:23:30,398 --> 02:23:35,519
be a Napoleon in the rough to be able to

2896
02:23:32,959 --> 02:23:38,398
look at Chattanooga and to appreciate

2897
02:23:35,520 --> 02:23:41,399
immediately its grand strategic

2898
02:23:38,398 --> 02:23:41,398
significance.

2899
02:23:41,840 --> 02:23:46,079
Lincoln states that taking Chattanooga

2900
02:23:44,478 --> 02:23:49,358
is as important as taking [music] the

2901
02:23:46,079 --> 02:23:51,039
Confederate capital of Richmond.

2902
02:23:49,359 --> 02:23:53,439
In spite of the strong objection of

2903
02:23:51,040 --> 02:23:56,800
Roberty E. Lee, Confederate President

2904
02:23:53,439 --> 02:23:58,559
Jefferson Davis orders James Longreet

2905
02:23:56,799 --> 02:24:01,199
and two divisions of the Army of

2906
02:23:58,559 --> 02:24:04,199
Northern Virginia southward to

2907
02:24:01,200 --> 02:24:04,200
Chattanooga

2908
02:24:05,120 --> 02:24:12,200
to face the Union threat. Bragg will

2909
02:24:07,920 --> 02:24:12,200
amass a force of 68,000.

2910
02:24:12,879 --> 02:24:18,599
Outside of Chattanooga is Joshua

2911
02:24:15,600 --> 02:24:18,600
Callaway.

2912
02:24:20,959 --> 02:24:25,079
August 27th, 1863.

2913
02:24:27,359 --> 02:24:32,239
My dear wife,

2914
02:24:30,318 --> 02:24:34,318
we are now on the west side of Lookout

2915
02:24:32,239 --> 02:24:35,920
Mountain,

2916
02:24:34,318 --> 02:24:39,559
guarding the road that leads across the

2917
02:24:35,920 --> 02:24:39,559
corner of it to Chattanooga.

2918
02:24:41,439 --> 02:24:46,159
Everything is quiet now, but no one

2919
02:24:43,280 --> 02:24:49,359
knows how soon, what moment the conflict

2920
02:24:46,159 --> 02:24:49,359
will begin.

2921
02:24:52,719 --> 02:24:56,959
a Confederate soldier like Joshua

2922
02:24:54,879 --> 02:24:59,599
Callaway. [music] Yes, he was a

2923
02:24:56,959 --> 02:25:02,959
Confederate, but he was also a husband.

2924
02:24:59,600 --> 02:25:05,439
He's also a son, a father. And [music]

2925
02:25:02,959 --> 02:25:07,759
those relationships were a big part of

2926
02:25:05,439 --> 02:25:10,000
why he was fighting in this war. [music]

2927
02:25:07,760 --> 02:25:12,909
He may have been fighting to protect

2928
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:13,040
slavery, but why did that matter?

2929
02:25:12,909 --> 02:25:15,680
[music]

2930
02:25:13,040 --> 02:25:18,319
It mattered because his family's

2931
02:25:15,680 --> 02:25:19,920
interests and future depended on it. And

2932
02:25:18,318 --> 02:25:24,398
his family [music]

2933
02:25:19,920 --> 02:25:27,680
was also uh his emotional lifeline, what

2934
02:25:24,398 --> 02:25:30,079
kept his morale up, what supported him

2935
02:25:27,680 --> 02:25:32,559
and kept him going on a daily basis. And

2936
02:25:30,079 --> 02:25:34,799
you can see that in Joshua's letters to

2937
02:25:32,559 --> 02:25:36,639
Doulsonia. He needs that [music]

2938
02:25:34,799 --> 02:25:39,358
correspondence. He craves that

2939
02:25:36,639 --> 02:25:42,000
correspondence.

2940
02:25:39,359 --> 02:25:45,200
Let me hear from you soon and often.

2941
02:25:42,000 --> 02:25:48,359
Kiss the children for me. God bless you,

2942
02:25:45,200 --> 02:25:48,359
my darling.

2943
02:25:48,799 --> 02:25:52,279
Joshua Callaway.

2944
02:25:55,760 --> 02:26:01,600
In mid August, Rose Cran moves directly

2945
02:25:59,200 --> 02:26:04,240
towards Chattanooga.

2946
02:26:01,600 --> 02:26:06,960
Three columns spread across a 40-mile

2947
02:26:04,239 --> 02:26:08,879
front advance over the rugged Cumberland

2948
02:26:06,959 --> 02:26:11,438
Mountains.

2949
02:26:08,879 --> 02:26:15,519
But Rose Cran's now separated army of

2950
02:26:11,439 --> 02:26:17,520
the Cumberland is vulnerable to attack.

2951
02:26:15,520 --> 02:26:18,319
Just south of Chattanooga at

2952
02:26:17,520 --> 02:26:21,120
Mcleammore's [music]

2953
02:26:18,318 --> 02:26:26,119
Cove, Bragg orders an attack on a

2954
02:26:21,120 --> 02:26:26,120
portion of Rose Cran's splintered army.

2955
02:26:26,639 --> 02:26:30,639
High command in Bragg's army was

2956
02:26:29,280 --> 02:26:34,159
dysfunctional. [music]

2957
02:26:30,639 --> 02:26:36,079
The top subordinates of Bragg simply

2958
02:26:34,159 --> 02:26:37,680
would not obey his orders. [music]

2959
02:26:36,079 --> 02:26:39,039
The Federals are falling back that way.

2960
02:26:37,680 --> 02:26:40,800
We need to be moving that way.

2961
02:26:39,040 --> 02:26:42,640
You have your orders. You will hold this

2962
02:26:40,799 --> 02:26:46,639
ground. According to General Mano, you

2963
02:26:42,639 --> 02:26:50,719
will hold this ground. Let's go.

2964
02:26:46,639 --> 02:26:54,879
Bragg had it within his power to destroy

2965
02:26:50,719 --> 02:26:56,879
most of the middle column of Rose Cran's

2966
02:26:54,879 --> 02:26:59,358
army.

2967
02:26:56,879 --> 02:27:01,839
The lost opportunity to destroy part of

2968
02:26:59,359 --> 02:27:03,619
the army of the Cumberland will haunt

2969
02:27:01,840 --> 02:27:07,318
Bragg and his subordinates for the

2970
02:27:03,619 --> 02:27:07,319
[music] rest of the war.

2971
02:27:12,079 --> 02:27:18,000
For the next week, more than 100,000

2972
02:27:15,359 --> 02:27:21,760
soldiers from two opposing armies

2973
02:27:18,000 --> 02:27:24,478
maneuver in northern Georgia.

2974
02:27:21,760 --> 02:27:26,639
In the words of one Confederate, Bragg

2975
02:27:24,478 --> 02:27:28,498
and Rose Crans are playing a game of

2976
02:27:26,639 --> 02:27:30,519
chess among these mountains and valleys.

2977
02:27:28,498 --> 02:27:30,519
[music]

2978
02:27:35,040 --> 02:27:40,240
Everyone on both sides realizes [music]

2979
02:27:37,120 --> 02:27:45,527
a clash is inevitable.

2980
02:27:40,239 --> 02:27:47,520
It's only a matter of where and when.

2981
02:27:45,527 --> 02:27:49,120
[music]

2982
02:27:47,520 --> 02:27:53,359
when

2983
02:27:49,120 --> 02:27:57,840
is September 18th, 1863.

2984
02:27:53,359 --> 02:28:00,640
Where is 8 mi south of Chattanooga along

2985
02:27:57,840 --> 02:28:05,439
the banks of the Chikamaga, a creek the

2986
02:28:00,639 --> 02:28:08,559
Cherokee called the river of death.

2987
02:28:05,439 --> 02:28:11,280
Bragg's plan turned the Union Army to

2988
02:28:08,559 --> 02:28:13,600
the south, cutting rose crayons off from

2989
02:28:11,280 --> 02:28:16,079
Chattanooga,

2990
02:28:13,600 --> 02:28:18,479
then pin the army of the Cumberland

2991
02:28:16,079 --> 02:28:20,159
against the eastern wall of Lookout

2992
02:28:18,478 --> 02:28:22,478
Mountain.

2993
02:28:20,159 --> 02:28:24,799
But if Bragg got between Rose Cran and

2994
02:28:22,478 --> 02:28:27,279
Chattanooga, he could cut off Rose

2995
02:28:24,799 --> 02:28:29,840
Cran's supplies. He could cut off Rose

2996
02:28:27,280 --> 02:28:32,000
Cran's retreat and he potentially could

2997
02:28:29,840 --> 02:28:34,639
drive Rose Cran's back against the

2998
02:28:32,000 --> 02:28:38,159
mountains in such a way that Rose Cran

2999
02:28:34,639 --> 02:28:40,799
might have to surrender his army.

3000
02:28:38,159 --> 02:28:42,719
Bragg launches the battle with a move to

3001
02:28:40,799 --> 02:28:45,279
control two bridges crossing the

3002
02:28:42,719 --> 02:28:47,920
Chikamaga.

3003
02:28:45,280 --> 02:28:50,720
A small Union force, some armed with

3004
02:28:47,920 --> 02:28:54,200
Spencer repeating rifles, puts up a

3005
02:28:50,719 --> 02:28:54,199
stubborn fight.

3006
02:28:55,920 --> 02:29:00,040
The Union forces withdraw

3007
02:29:00,079 --> 02:29:05,719
and the Confederates [music] finally

3008
02:29:01,600 --> 02:29:05,720
begin crossing the Chikamaga.

3009
02:29:06,639 --> 02:29:11,199
The unexpected Union resistance results

3010
02:29:08,879 --> 02:29:13,199
in yet another missed opportunity for

3011
02:29:11,200 --> 02:29:14,640
Bragg.

3012
02:29:13,200 --> 02:29:18,240
His main attack will have to [music]

3013
02:29:14,639 --> 02:29:20,639
wait one more day.

3014
02:29:18,239 --> 02:29:22,879
The delay gives Rose Cran's precious

3015
02:29:20,639 --> 02:29:26,478
time to consolidate the scattered forces

3016
02:29:22,879 --> 02:29:26,478
of his main army.

3017
02:29:26,719 --> 02:29:35,159
That evening, he extends the Union line

3018
02:29:29,760 --> 02:29:35,159
northward along the Lefayet Road.

3019
02:29:37,120 --> 02:29:44,640
At dawn the next day,

3020
02:29:40,398 --> 02:29:46,047
Bragg's men prepare to attack.

3021
02:29:44,639 --> 02:29:47,039
A soldier from Tennessee remarks,

3022
02:29:46,048 --> 02:29:49,920
[music]

3023
02:29:47,040 --> 02:29:51,359
"The day was bright and beautiful, and

3024
02:29:49,920 --> 02:29:54,398
the world never seemed half so [music]

3025
02:29:51,359 --> 02:29:56,079
attractive before.

3026
02:29:54,398 --> 02:29:59,639
now that there was a good chance of

3027
02:29:56,079 --> 02:29:59,639
leaving it soon.

3028
02:30:03,439 --> 02:30:07,720
A little after 7 a.m.

3029
02:30:09,040 --> 02:30:15,800
Confederate cavalry stumble upon a few

3030
02:30:11,200 --> 02:30:15,800
Union soldiers filling their cantens.

3031
02:30:16,159 --> 02:30:21,559
It is an area where the Confederates

3032
02:30:17,920 --> 02:30:21,559
expect no contact.

3033
02:30:22,719 --> 02:30:28,959
In pursuit of the canteen detail,

3034
02:30:27,120 --> 02:30:31,920
the Confederate cavalry themselves

3035
02:30:28,959 --> 02:30:34,959
encounter a superior force.

3036
02:30:31,920 --> 02:30:37,840
There's an enemy in there, sir.

3037
02:30:34,959 --> 02:30:40,159
2300 men of John Croxton's [music]

3038
02:30:37,840 --> 02:30:42,559
brigade.

3039
02:30:40,159 --> 02:30:44,959
What begins as a skirmish almost

3040
02:30:42,559 --> 02:30:49,000
immediately escalates

3041
02:30:44,959 --> 02:30:49,000
into what becomes known

3042
02:30:49,040 --> 02:30:53,080
as the battle of Chikamaga.

3043
02:30:58,879 --> 02:31:04,639
At Chikamaga, the dense canopy of trees

3044
02:31:02,318 --> 02:31:08,559
causes the battle smoke to hang like a

3045
02:31:04,639 --> 02:31:10,478
thick deadly fog.

3046
02:31:08,559 --> 02:31:12,239
With the limited visibility of

3047
02:31:10,478 --> 02:31:15,119
Chikamaga, the enemy is going to be able

3048
02:31:12,239 --> 02:31:18,799
to close um to a very short distance

3049
02:31:15,120 --> 02:31:21,200
before engaging at a distance where the

3050
02:31:18,799 --> 02:31:24,299
artillery and its longer range is not

3051
02:31:21,200 --> 02:31:24,800
going to have an advantage.

3052
02:31:24,299 --> 02:31:26,478
[screaming]

3053
02:31:24,799 --> 02:31:28,719
It was something that was not really

3054
02:31:26,478 --> 02:31:31,719
anticipated by the leaders on both

3055
02:31:28,719 --> 02:31:31,719
sides.

3056
02:31:40,079 --> 02:31:44,799
Almost without warning, a line of

3057
02:31:42,959 --> 02:31:47,358
Confederate infantry appears on [music]

3058
02:31:44,799 --> 02:31:50,959
the right flank of Batterya A First

3059
02:31:47,359 --> 02:31:54,439
Michigan Light Artillery.

3060
02:31:50,959 --> 02:31:54,438
Get this gun.

3061
02:31:55,600 --> 02:32:00,325
The Michigan soldiers are ordered to lie

3062
02:31:57,439 --> 02:32:02,345
down with their knapsacks still on.

3063
02:32:00,325 --> 02:32:02,345
[cheering]

3064
02:32:04,478 --> 02:32:10,119
This makes it a struggle for the men to

3065
02:32:06,239 --> 02:32:10,119
roll over and reload.

3066
02:32:12,239 --> 02:32:17,119
The battery is commanded by George

3067
02:32:14,079 --> 02:32:19,680
Vanpelt, the former town constable of

3068
02:32:17,120 --> 02:32:21,680
Cold Water, Michigan.

3069
02:32:19,680 --> 02:32:24,680
Hurry up, boys. You're right on top of

3070
02:32:21,680 --> 02:32:24,680
us.

3071
02:32:27,439 --> 02:32:32,359
Michigan men fire 64 rounds.

3072
02:32:35,600 --> 02:32:39,625
Most sail over the heads of the charging

3073
02:32:38,000 --> 02:32:41,590
Confederates.

3074
02:32:39,625 --> 02:32:43,609
[screaming]

3075
02:32:41,590 --> 02:32:43,609
[cheering]

3076
02:32:44,959 --> 02:32:52,000
There they come.

3077
02:32:48,478 --> 02:32:56,279
We got to get out of here.

3078
02:32:52,000 --> 02:32:56,280
The Michigan battery is routed.

3079
02:32:59,200 --> 02:33:04,680
Van Pelt refuses to abandon his guns.

3080
02:33:19,760 --> 02:33:24,800
The confusion and bloodletting of

3081
02:33:21,840 --> 02:33:27,920
Vanpelt's fight is typical of the Battle

3082
02:33:24,799 --> 02:33:30,799
of Chikamaga.

3083
02:33:27,920 --> 02:33:34,719
By late in the afternoon, neither side

3084
02:33:30,799 --> 02:33:37,119
has gained or conceded much ground.

3085
02:33:34,719 --> 02:33:40,799
In the thick of the fight at Chikamaga

3086
02:33:37,120 --> 02:33:43,920
is the 15th Wisconsin Infantry.

3087
02:33:40,799 --> 02:33:46,159
This Union regiment is composed entirely

3088
02:33:43,920 --> 02:33:50,760
of Scandinavians.

3089
02:33:46,159 --> 02:33:50,760
Almost all were born in Norway.

3090
02:33:51,920 --> 02:33:56,960
The decade before the Civil War had seen

3091
02:33:54,478 --> 02:33:59,199
a huge wave of Europeans immigrating to

3092
02:33:56,959 --> 02:34:00,959
the United States.

3093
02:33:59,200 --> 02:34:04,319
The vast majority [music] settled in the

3094
02:34:00,959 --> 02:34:05,759
North. The new Americans understood

3095
02:34:04,318 --> 02:34:08,478
political oppression [music] and

3096
02:34:05,760 --> 02:34:11,200
religious persecution because many had

3097
02:34:08,478 --> 02:34:15,279
experienced it firsthand.

3098
02:34:11,200 --> 02:34:18,720
When the war comes, about 25% of the

3099
02:34:15,280 --> 02:34:21,280
Union Army will be immigrants.

3100
02:34:18,719 --> 02:34:23,760
They believe in the promise of America

3101
02:34:21,280 --> 02:34:25,920
and they [music] stand firm in the right

3102
02:34:23,760 --> 02:34:28,880
to die for it.

3103
02:34:25,920 --> 02:34:31,439
This is the only freestanding popular

3104
02:34:28,879 --> 02:34:33,920
government left in the world. Every

3105
02:34:31,439 --> 02:34:36,159
other experiment in popular government

3106
02:34:33,920 --> 02:34:37,840
either fell apart or was crushed

3107
02:34:36,159 --> 02:34:40,879
brutally

3108
02:34:37,840 --> 02:34:44,719
so that by 1860 the United States is the

3109
02:34:40,879 --> 02:34:48,318
last major stronghold of this thing

3110
02:34:44,719 --> 02:34:50,959
called democracy. If the United States

3111
02:34:48,318 --> 02:34:53,680
proceeds to blow its brains out through

3112
02:34:50,959 --> 02:34:55,599
secession, what are we saying to the

3113
02:34:53,680 --> 02:34:59,680
rest of the world? We're saying

3114
02:34:55,600 --> 02:35:03,359
democracy is a chimera. Democracy is a

3115
02:34:59,680 --> 02:35:05,359
Greek drollery that will never work. If

3116
02:35:03,359 --> 02:35:07,280
you want the proof, say the kings and

3117
02:35:05,359 --> 02:35:09,840
aristocrats, if you want the proof of

3118
02:35:07,280 --> 02:35:11,120
how unstable democracy is, just look at

3119
02:35:09,840 --> 02:35:15,159
what the Americans are doing to

3120
02:35:11,120 --> 02:35:15,160
themselves right now.

3121
02:35:15,200 --> 02:35:19,680
Right now in northern Georgia, they are

3122
02:35:17,920 --> 02:35:23,719
fighting what will become the biggest

3123
02:35:19,680 --> 02:35:23,720
battle of the western campaign.

3124
02:35:26,159 --> 02:35:32,719
Sam Watkins of the First Tennessee

3125
02:35:29,200 --> 02:35:35,600
has survived Shiloh and Stones River.

3126
02:35:32,719 --> 02:35:38,318
Now in the midst of Chikamaga, he

3127
02:35:35,600 --> 02:35:41,120
stumbles upon his badly wounded friend

3128
02:35:38,318 --> 02:35:42,559
Billy Webster.

3129
02:35:41,120 --> 02:35:44,640
Come on.

3130
02:35:42,559 --> 02:35:47,840
Billy's arm had been dressed and he

3131
02:35:44,639 --> 02:35:50,239
seemed to be quite easy. He wished to

3132
02:35:47,840 --> 02:35:51,760
dictate a letter to his parents. Get my

3133
02:35:50,239 --> 02:35:51,920
shirt. Get my shirt. I want a clean

3134
02:35:51,760 --> 02:35:52,478
shirt.

3135
02:35:51,920 --> 02:35:54,239
Where's your shirt?

3136
02:35:52,478 --> 02:35:58,000
He asked me to please look into his

3137
02:35:54,239 --> 02:36:00,398
knapsack and get him a clean shirt.

3138
02:35:58,000 --> 02:36:03,639
I went to look for the knapsack and

3139
02:36:00,398 --> 02:36:03,639
found it.

3140
02:36:12,318 --> 02:36:20,239
But when I got back to where he was,

3141
02:36:15,280 --> 02:36:25,239
poor good Billy Webster was dead.

3142
02:36:20,239 --> 02:36:25,239
He had given his life for his country.

3143
02:36:25,359 --> 02:36:29,840
His spirit is with the good and the

3144
02:36:27,920 --> 02:36:32,639
brave.

3145
02:36:29,840 --> 02:36:36,719
No better or braver man than Billy

3146
02:36:32,639 --> 02:36:39,599
Webster ever drew Breath of Life.

3147
02:36:36,719 --> 02:36:43,959
His bones lie yonder today upon the

3148
02:36:39,600 --> 02:36:43,960
battlefield of Chikamoga.

3149
02:36:45,920 --> 02:36:51,040
Through the haze of the battle at

3150
02:36:47,439 --> 02:36:54,159
Chikamaga, one thing is clear. The

3151
02:36:51,040 --> 02:36:58,399
bloodbath along the river of death is

3152
02:36:54,159 --> 02:37:00,639
thus far a draw.

3153
02:36:58,398 --> 02:37:05,558
Both Bragg and Rose Crans are determined

3154
02:37:00,639 --> 02:37:07,577
to continue the fight the next morning.

3155
02:37:05,558 --> 02:37:07,577
[music]

3156
02:37:12,559 --> 02:37:19,119
And there are moments in this war when

3157
02:37:14,639 --> 02:37:21,199
the entire republic is at stake.

3158
02:37:19,120 --> 02:37:24,560
When everything could have changed, when

3159
02:37:21,200 --> 02:37:26,640
everything could have turned on a dime

3160
02:37:24,559 --> 02:37:29,920
and sometimes did.

3161
02:37:26,639 --> 02:37:32,559
What is being forged is our

3162
02:37:29,920 --> 02:37:34,879
national story.

3163
02:37:32,559 --> 02:37:37,879
Your Iliad in our odyssey is playing

3164
02:37:34,879 --> 02:37:37,879
out.

3165
02:37:46,824 --> 02:37:48,844
[music]

3166
02:37:56,159 --> 02:38:02,079
At dawn near a creek in northern Georgia

3167
02:37:59,680 --> 02:38:04,318
called the Chikamaga,

3168
02:38:02,079 --> 02:38:05,840
Union forces desperately prepare for an

3169
02:38:04,318 --> 02:38:09,239
attack

3170
02:38:05,840 --> 02:38:09,239
that is imminent.

3171
02:38:12,799 --> 02:38:17,199
Confederate General Braxton Bragg

3172
02:38:15,040 --> 02:38:20,319
imagines the second day of the Battle of

3173
02:38:17,200 --> 02:38:23,439
Chikamaga to bring destruction to the

3174
02:38:20,318 --> 02:38:25,680
Union Army.

3175
02:38:23,439 --> 02:38:28,880
But once again, a breakdown in

3176
02:38:25,680 --> 02:38:30,880
communication plagues the Confederates.

3177
02:38:28,879 --> 02:38:35,039
The southern assault will not begin

3178
02:38:30,879 --> 02:38:36,799
until 9:30 a.m.

3179
02:38:35,040 --> 02:38:39,280
One Union general who commanded one of

3180
02:38:36,799 --> 02:38:41,599
the divisions on that perimeter said if

3181
02:38:39,280 --> 02:38:43,600
the attack, the Confederate attack, had

3182
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:46,000
happened [music] at 6:00 a.m., it

3183
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:49,520
wouldn't have lasted an hour.

3184
02:38:46,000 --> 02:38:52,799
After the war, a bitter brag will write.

3185
02:38:49,520 --> 02:38:57,239
If not for that 3-hour delay, our

3186
02:38:52,799 --> 02:38:57,239
independence might have been won.

3187
02:39:02,639 --> 02:39:08,159
The previous day at Chikamaga had been

3188
02:39:05,200 --> 02:39:12,120
as savage as any battle in more than 2

3189
02:39:08,159 --> 02:39:12,119
years of civil war.

3190
02:39:16,000 --> 02:39:19,000
Lord,

3191
02:39:19,760 --> 02:39:23,920
the invading Union Army of the

3192
02:39:21,520 --> 02:39:26,319
Cumberland, led by General William Stark

3193
02:39:23,920 --> 02:39:28,478
Rose Crayons, is determined to gain

3194
02:39:26,318 --> 02:39:32,279
control of the critical rail center of

3195
02:39:28,478 --> 02:39:32,279
Chattanooga, Tennessee.

3196
02:39:32,879 --> 02:39:38,239
Chattanooga is a gateway to the deep

3197
02:39:35,280 --> 02:39:40,880
south, the heartland where factories,

3198
02:39:38,239 --> 02:39:43,920
farmlands, and railroads are critical to

3199
02:39:40,879 --> 02:39:46,719
the Confederate war effort.

3200
02:39:43,920 --> 02:39:48,159
Is this going to land?

3201
02:39:46,719 --> 02:39:50,079
Braxton Bragg's [music] Army of

3202
02:39:48,159 --> 02:39:53,840
Tennessee

3203
02:39:50,079 --> 02:39:58,600
hoped to not just stop Rose Crans,

3204
02:39:53,840 --> 02:39:58,600
but to destroy his army of 58,000.

3205
02:40:08,559 --> 02:40:12,719
We got to get out of here. The two

3206
02:40:10,799 --> 02:40:15,840
armies [music] collided just 8 miles

3207
02:40:12,719 --> 02:40:18,840
south of Chattanooga on September 19th,

3208
02:40:15,840 --> 02:40:18,840
1863.

3209
02:40:20,318 --> 02:40:25,989
After the first day of fighting,

3210
02:40:23,680 --> 02:40:26,960
the Battle of Chikamaga

3211
02:40:25,989 --> 02:40:30,439
[screaming and crying]

3212
02:40:26,959 --> 02:40:30,438
is a draw.

3213
02:40:30,575 --> 02:40:32,595
[music]

3214
02:40:36,318 --> 02:40:43,199
It was an an unbelievably

3215
02:40:39,600 --> 02:40:45,600
savage knockdown dragout fight in the

3216
02:40:43,200 --> 02:40:50,359
woods. I would say that it's almost like

3217
02:40:45,600 --> 02:40:50,359
Shiloh multiplied by two.

3218
02:40:54,079 --> 02:41:01,039
They're coming over. [cheering]

3219
02:40:58,000 --> 02:41:02,879
Now, less than 3 months after the

3220
02:41:01,040 --> 02:41:05,520
devastating Confederate loss at

3221
02:41:02,879 --> 02:41:08,239
Gettysburg, the Army of Tennessee

3222
02:41:05,520 --> 02:41:12,880
resumes a battle they believe can

3223
02:41:08,239 --> 02:41:14,719
reverse the fortunes of the Confederacy.

3224
02:41:12,879 --> 02:41:17,358
Among the first to challenge the Union

3225
02:41:14,719 --> 02:41:22,000
defenses at Chikamaga

3226
02:41:17,359 --> 02:41:24,239
is the Kentucky Orphan Brigade,

3227
02:41:22,000 --> 02:41:27,920
commanded by Brigadier General Benjamin

3228
02:41:24,239 --> 02:41:29,680
Helm. When the war began, Helm was

3229
02:41:27,920 --> 02:41:31,840
offered a position with the Union Army

3230
02:41:29,680 --> 02:41:35,600
by his brother-in-law, a high-ranking

3231
02:41:31,840 --> 02:41:38,079
official with the US government.

3232
02:41:35,600 --> 02:41:39,760
Helm instead chose to fight for the

3233
02:41:38,079 --> 02:41:41,920
Confederacy.

3234
02:41:39,760 --> 02:41:46,439
Fighting under Helm's command is

3235
02:41:41,920 --> 02:41:46,439
22-year-old Johnny Green.

3236
02:41:47,200 --> 02:41:52,600
A perfect shower of great tour through

3237
02:41:49,359 --> 02:41:52,600
our ranks.

3238
02:41:55,600 --> 02:42:00,600
We fired a volley and rushed upon them.

3239
02:42:07,840 --> 02:42:12,719
FOR GOD'S SAKE, THE BATTLE.

3240
02:42:10,318 --> 02:42:13,920
Our beloved and gallant General Helm

3241
02:42:12,719 --> 02:42:15,119
fell mortally wounded.

3242
02:42:13,920 --> 02:42:17,600
COME HERE, TRENCHER.

3243
02:42:15,120 --> 02:42:20,920
Leading his brigade, which he knew would

3244
02:42:17,600 --> 02:42:20,920
never falter.

3245
02:42:21,600 --> 02:42:28,318
Surgeons realize Helms's wound is fatal.

3246
02:42:26,079 --> 02:42:31,200
The Confederate general clings to life

3247
02:42:28,318 --> 02:42:34,439
for several more hours, but dies the

3248
02:42:31,200 --> 02:42:34,439
next morning.

3249
02:42:34,959 --> 02:42:39,839
Since the battle began, the two forces

3250
02:42:37,760 --> 02:42:42,000
have been slugging it out along a

3251
02:42:39,840 --> 02:42:44,398
four-mile [music] front a stride the

3252
02:42:42,000 --> 02:42:45,840
Lefayet road.

3253
02:42:44,398 --> 02:42:49,920
The Confederate attack [music] on

3254
02:42:45,840 --> 02:42:51,840
September 20th targets the Union left.

3255
02:42:49,920 --> 02:42:52,960
But what will determine the outcome of

3256
02:42:51,840 --> 02:42:56,478
Chikamaga [music]

3257
02:42:52,959 --> 02:42:58,000
is a hole in the Union center.

3258
02:42:56,478 --> 02:43:00,959
Miscommunication, [music]

3259
02:42:58,000 --> 02:43:03,920
confusion, and fatigue with Rose Crans

3260
02:43:00,959 --> 02:43:06,799
and his generals have left a gap more

3261
02:43:03,920 --> 02:43:09,439
than a quarter mile wide.

3262
02:43:06,799 --> 02:43:12,159
The one weakness for the Union High

3263
02:43:09,439 --> 02:43:15,439
Command was Rose Crans himself. On the

3264
02:43:12,159 --> 02:43:18,159
night of the the 19th, Rose Cray had not

3265
02:43:15,439 --> 02:43:20,720
gotten any sleep. And as a result, by

3266
02:43:18,159 --> 02:43:23,359
the time the action began on September

3267
02:43:20,719 --> 02:43:25,358
the 20th, the Union Army commander is on

3268
02:43:23,359 --> 02:43:28,792
the verge of physical and mental

3269
02:43:25,359 --> 02:43:28,792
collapse. [cheering]

3270
02:43:29,040 --> 02:43:32,720
The approaching Confederates are

3271
02:43:30,639 --> 02:43:35,760
commanded by none other than James

3272
02:43:32,719 --> 02:43:39,279
Longreet, the trusted lieutenant of

3273
02:43:35,760 --> 02:43:41,920
Roberty. Lee [cheering]

3274
02:43:39,280 --> 02:43:44,239
Long Street and 11,000 soldiers from the

3275
02:43:41,920 --> 02:43:46,559
Army of Northern Virginia had arrived

3276
02:43:44,239 --> 02:43:48,879
just the night before.

3277
02:43:46,559 --> 02:43:51,119
The only time in the war that

3278
02:43:48,879 --> 02:43:54,079
significant numbers of troops were

3279
02:43:51,120 --> 02:43:55,920
pulled away from Robert E. Le's Army of

3280
02:43:54,079 --> 02:43:58,318
Northern Virginia, transferred to the

3281
02:43:55,920 --> 02:44:00,719
Western Theater to fight there. And it

3282
02:43:58,318 --> 02:44:02,879
shows that this is the Confederacy's big

3283
02:44:00,719 --> 02:44:05,959
effort to reverse the tide of the war in

3284
02:44:02,879 --> 02:44:05,959
the West.

3285
02:44:06,559 --> 02:44:11,359
And now Long Street's core, [music]

3286
02:44:08,879 --> 02:44:13,839
eight brigades, rolled straight through

3287
02:44:11,359 --> 02:44:16,079
that gap and directly into the rear of

3288
02:44:13,840 --> 02:44:17,760
the Union Army.

3289
02:44:16,079 --> 02:44:20,239
And for the Confederate troops, it was

3290
02:44:17,760 --> 02:44:22,800
thrilling. General Bush Rod Johnson

3291
02:44:20,239 --> 02:44:26,159
called it a scene of unsurpassed grander

3292
02:44:22,799 --> 02:44:28,318
as they realized that for the first time

3293
02:44:26,159 --> 02:44:30,478
in the Western theater, the Confederacy

3294
02:44:28,318 --> 02:44:32,959
was on the verge of a magnificent

3295
02:44:30,478 --> 02:44:35,199
victory.

3296
02:44:32,959 --> 02:44:38,879
The stunning breakthrough effectively

3297
02:44:35,200 --> 02:44:41,359
splits the Union army at Chikamaga.

3298
02:44:38,879 --> 02:44:44,000
Rose CR and a third of his force leave

3299
02:44:41,359 --> 02:44:49,399
the battlefield.

3300
02:44:44,000 --> 02:44:49,398
The Union right soon crumbles.

3301
02:44:49,680 --> 02:44:53,159
Company, lads.

3302
02:44:56,239 --> 02:45:00,799
But not all the Union soldiers leave the

3303
02:44:58,239 --> 02:45:02,639
field at Chikamaga.

3304
02:45:00,799 --> 02:45:07,599
Troops under the command of General

3305
02:45:02,639 --> 02:45:11,439
George Thomas quickly form a defense

3306
02:45:07,600 --> 02:45:15,559
on Snodgrass Hill and Horseshoe Ridge.

3307
02:45:11,439 --> 02:45:15,559
They stand firm.

3308
02:45:18,000 --> 02:45:22,054
Ready to charge at the steep wooded

3309
02:45:19,920 --> 02:45:26,200
slope and end the battle are nearly

3310
02:45:22,054 --> 02:45:26,200
[music] 3,000 Confederates.

3311
02:45:26,318 --> 02:45:33,719
Among them is Lieutenant Joshua Callaway

3312
02:45:29,680 --> 02:45:33,720
of the 28th Alabama.

3313
02:45:35,680 --> 02:45:40,398
17 months earlier,

3314
02:45:38,000 --> 02:45:42,799
Callaway [music] left his wife Dulania

3315
02:45:40,398 --> 02:45:45,039
and two small children at their home

3316
02:45:42,799 --> 02:45:47,199
near Selma.

3317
02:45:45,040 --> 02:45:50,240
Almost onethird of all white households

3318
02:45:47,200 --> 02:45:55,800
in the Confederacy own slaves.

3319
02:45:50,239 --> 02:45:55,799
Callaway is among those who do not.

3320
02:46:00,639 --> 02:46:05,278
Like so many others on both sides of the

3321
02:46:02,639 --> 02:46:09,278
battlefield, the Callaways communicate

3322
02:46:05,279 --> 02:46:12,159
through a series of letters.

3323
02:46:09,279 --> 02:46:16,960
My dear love, I've just passed through

3324
02:46:12,159 --> 02:46:19,840
the terrible ordeal of a hard battle.

3325
02:46:16,959 --> 02:46:21,599
Our

3326
02:46:19,840 --> 02:46:24,600
brigade formed at the foot of a long

3327
02:46:21,600 --> 02:46:24,600
hill

3328
02:46:25,200 --> 02:46:29,040
at the top of which was the enemy's

3329
02:46:26,959 --> 02:46:32,318
line.

3330
02:46:29,040 --> 02:46:34,000
The battle was raging all along our line

3331
02:46:32,318 --> 02:46:37,359
as if heaven and earth were coming

3332
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:42,279
together. A thousand thunderstorms all

3333
02:46:37,359 --> 02:46:42,279
turned loose could not equal the noise.

3334
02:46:45,920 --> 02:46:52,318
Doulsonia Callaway is hearing things

3335
02:46:48,879 --> 02:46:54,879
she's never heard before. She's never

3336
02:46:52,318 --> 02:46:57,039
read letters from a family member in

3337
02:46:54,879 --> 02:46:59,839
war.

3338
02:46:57,040 --> 02:47:03,600
So, these letters are

3339
02:46:59,840 --> 02:47:06,318
obviously going to make her fearful and

3340
02:47:03,600 --> 02:47:08,880
very concerned about her husband's

3341
02:47:06,318 --> 02:47:10,559
well-being.

3342
02:47:08,879 --> 02:47:13,199
How this war was going to turn out was a

3343
02:47:10,559 --> 02:47:16,559
big unknown. And that was a source of

3344
02:47:13,200 --> 02:47:19,560
daily fear for a mother like Dulceia

3345
02:47:16,559 --> 02:47:19,559
Callaway.

3346
02:47:24,000 --> 02:47:32,000
The carnage was awful. Men were shot

3347
02:47:28,639 --> 02:47:34,000
down all around me. I was indeed in the

3348
02:47:32,000 --> 02:47:37,239
very midst

3349
02:47:34,000 --> 02:47:37,239
of death.

3350
02:47:39,040 --> 02:47:45,439
On Snodg Grass Hill, the Battle of

3351
02:47:41,680 --> 02:47:47,359
Chikamaga reaches its culmination.

3352
02:47:45,439 --> 02:47:48,880
The attacking Confederates taste

3353
02:47:47,359 --> 02:47:51,279
victory,

3354
02:47:48,879 --> 02:47:56,119
but Thomas' outnumbered defenders

3355
02:47:51,279 --> 02:47:56,120
repulse charge after charge.

3356
02:47:56,159 --> 02:48:01,439
Thomas' heroic defense allows the

3357
02:47:58,478 --> 02:48:04,478
remaining Union forces to escape. For

3358
02:48:01,439 --> 02:48:07,520
that stand, Thomas becomes known as the

3359
02:48:04,478 --> 02:48:10,879
rock of Chikamaga.

3360
02:48:07,520 --> 02:48:13,880
By day's end, the last of Union troops

3361
02:48:10,879 --> 02:48:13,879
withdraw.

3362
02:48:18,000 --> 02:48:24,439
The carnage of the battle exceeds even

3363
02:48:20,216 --> 02:48:24,439
[music] the bloodbath at Shiloh.

3364
02:48:25,120 --> 02:48:32,319
At Chikamaga, more [music] than 34,000

3365
02:48:28,318 --> 02:48:36,920
from both armies are dead.

3366
02:48:32,318 --> 02:48:36,920
wounded or missing.

3367
02:48:37,040 --> 02:48:42,880
The combined casualties are [music] the

3368
02:48:38,879 --> 02:48:45,105
second most of any battle in the war.

3369
02:48:42,879 --> 02:48:48,000
Only Gettysburg exceeds the butchery

3370
02:48:45,105 --> 02:48:49,920
[music] of Chikamaga.

3371
02:48:48,000 --> 02:48:51,840
Though victorious,

3372
02:48:49,920 --> 02:48:54,239
the staggering number of those lost in

3373
02:48:51,840 --> 02:48:57,040
the ranks is a serious [music] problem

3374
02:48:54,239 --> 02:48:58,639
plaguing the Confederacy.

3375
02:48:57,040 --> 02:49:01,680
The Confederates have a problem.

3376
02:48:58,639 --> 02:49:04,239
Confederates realize the arithmetic and

3377
02:49:01,680 --> 02:49:07,359
they're not winning the arithmetic.

3378
02:49:04,239 --> 02:49:09,520
If they expand more men, even equal to

3379
02:49:07,359 --> 02:49:11,200
the loss in the Union armies, they will

3380
02:49:09,520 --> 02:49:14,840
eventually cease to have the ability to

3381
02:49:11,200 --> 02:49:14,840
put men in the field.

3382
02:49:18,159 --> 02:49:23,600
Joshua Callaway somehow makes it through

3383
02:49:20,478 --> 02:49:25,679
the battle unscathed.

3384
02:49:23,600 --> 02:49:28,479
We now moved to the top of the hill and

3385
02:49:25,680 --> 02:49:32,840
slept on the battlefield.

3386
02:49:28,478 --> 02:49:32,840
Napoleon's sign of victory.

3387
02:49:33,120 --> 02:49:38,479
I have now seen and experienced the

3388
02:49:35,279 --> 02:49:43,960
horrors of war

3389
02:49:38,478 --> 02:49:43,959
as well as the spoils and glories.

3390
02:49:44,000 --> 02:49:48,520
I am very well. Thank God.

3391
02:49:49,040 --> 02:49:54,640
A thousand kisses for you and the

3392
02:49:52,079 --> 02:49:59,799
children.

3393
02:49:54,639 --> 02:49:59,799
your loving JK Callaway.

3394
02:50:03,520 --> 02:50:08,947
600 miles to the north in Washington DC,

3395
02:50:07,120 --> 02:50:12,319
President Abraham Lincoln receives

3396
02:50:08,947 --> 02:50:15,600
[music] a telegram of the Union debacle.

3397
02:50:12,318 --> 02:50:19,639
With the report comes devastating news

3398
02:50:15,600 --> 02:50:19,640
about an enemy officer.

3399
02:50:19,680 --> 02:50:23,760
Killed at Chikamaga is his

3400
02:50:22,079 --> 02:50:28,039
brother-in-law,

3401
02:50:23,760 --> 02:50:28,040
Benjamin [music] Harden Helm.

3402
02:50:28,239 --> 02:50:35,000
Lincoln's trusted friend is Supreme

3403
02:50:30,318 --> 02:50:35,000
Court Justice David Davis.

3404
02:50:35,120 --> 02:50:39,359
I never saw Mr. Lincoln more moved than

3405
02:50:37,680 --> 02:50:41,359
when he heard of the death of his young

3406
02:50:39,359 --> 02:50:45,600
brother-in-law.

3407
02:50:41,359 --> 02:50:47,600
Davis, he said, I feel like David of old

3408
02:50:45,600 --> 02:50:50,600
when he heard of the death of [music]

3409
02:50:47,600 --> 02:50:50,600
Abselum.

3410
02:50:50,639 --> 02:50:59,398
I saw how griefstricken he was, so I

3411
02:50:54,079 --> 02:50:59,398
closed the door and left him.

3412
02:51:05,439 --> 02:51:09,760
Lincoln's grief reflects the state of a

3413
02:51:07,680 --> 02:51:14,040
nation that is beginning to crack under

3414
02:51:09,760 --> 02:51:14,040
the pressure of a civil war.

3415
02:51:14,398 --> 02:51:20,398
Two months earlier, in July of 1863,

3416
02:51:17,920 --> 02:51:22,478
laborers in New York City reacted with

3417
02:51:20,398 --> 02:51:26,920
violence to a law establishing the

3418
02:51:22,478 --> 02:51:26,920
nation's first [music] military draft.

3419
02:51:28,639 --> 02:51:34,519
Many of the protesters are impoverished

3420
02:51:30,639 --> 02:51:34,519
immigrants from Ireland.

3421
02:51:34,559 --> 02:51:38,639
They're particularly enraged over a

3422
02:51:36,879 --> 02:51:40,959
provision of the law that allows

3423
02:51:38,639 --> 02:51:44,920
drafties the option to buy their way out

3424
02:51:40,959 --> 02:51:44,919
of service for $300.

3425
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:54,359
Angry mobs roam Manhattan, killing

3426
02:51:49,920 --> 02:51:54,359
policemen and setting the city ablaze.

3427
02:51:54,639 --> 02:51:59,358
But the protesters venom is particularly

3428
02:51:56,799 --> 02:52:02,317
aimed at New York's 12,000

3429
02:51:59,359 --> 02:52:02,318
African-Ameans. [music]

3430
02:52:05,600 --> 02:52:10,600
An orphanage for black children is

3431
02:52:07,600 --> 02:52:10,600
torched.

3432
02:52:11,359 --> 02:52:19,680
The 233 children inside escape before

3433
02:52:15,359 --> 02:52:22,399
the building burns to the ground.

3434
02:52:19,680 --> 02:52:25,040
Ultimately, northerners who descended

3435
02:52:22,398 --> 02:52:28,159
against this conflict,

3436
02:52:25,040 --> 02:52:31,439
they felt agrieved,

3437
02:52:28,159 --> 02:52:35,039
misled, abandoned

3438
02:52:31,439 --> 02:52:38,318
by a president who had turned a war for

3439
02:52:35,040 --> 02:52:40,479
Union into a war for union and

3440
02:52:38,318 --> 02:52:42,639
emancipation.

3441
02:52:40,478 --> 02:52:45,119
It wasn't until the arrival of Union

3442
02:52:42,639 --> 02:52:47,599
soldiers who just fought at Gettysburg

3443
02:52:45,120 --> 02:52:49,120
that 5 days of rioting was finally

3444
02:52:47,600 --> 02:52:52,159
quelled.

3445
02:52:49,120 --> 02:52:55,279
Hundreds were killed. Some 2,000 were

3446
02:52:52,159 --> 02:52:57,680
injured. 11 black citizens were dragged

3447
02:52:55,279 --> 02:53:00,399
from their homes and lynched by the

3448
02:52:57,680 --> 02:53:04,639
angry mob.

3449
02:53:00,398 --> 02:53:07,119
Once they thought that northern boys

3450
02:53:04,639 --> 02:53:08,719
going to die for the freedom of

3451
02:53:07,120 --> 02:53:10,079
African-Americans,

3452
02:53:08,719 --> 02:53:12,403
that was simply more than what they

3453
02:53:10,079 --> 02:53:12,404
could stomach. [music]

3454
02:53:12,959 --> 02:53:20,000
That class of individuals was seen as

3455
02:53:16,478 --> 02:53:22,559
responsible for bringing this war on and

3456
02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:25,279
for ultimately taking northern boys from

3457
02:53:22,559 --> 02:53:29,379
their homes, sending them to the front

3458
02:53:25,279 --> 02:53:31,399
lines where they were dying in droves.

3459
02:53:29,379 --> 02:53:31,398
[music]

3460
02:53:31,680 --> 02:53:36,398
By September 1863,

3461
02:53:34,398 --> 02:53:38,603
northern casualties have eclipsed

3462
02:53:36,398 --> 02:53:38,603
400,000. [music]

3463
02:53:41,200 --> 02:53:47,720
At the Battle of [music] Chikamaga alone

3464
02:53:43,439 --> 02:53:49,738
are 16,000 Union casualties.

3465
02:53:47,719 --> 02:53:49,738
[music]

3466
02:53:56,799 --> 02:54:00,719
Chikamaga is undeniably a Confederate

3467
02:53:58,959 --> 02:54:04,159
victory,

3468
02:54:00,719 --> 02:54:06,318
but a hollow one.

3469
02:54:04,159 --> 02:54:08,239
Bragg has allowed Rose Cray and his

3470
02:54:06,318 --> 02:54:11,239
Union army to [music] escape to

3471
02:54:08,239 --> 02:54:11,239
Chattanooga.

3472
02:54:13,359 --> 02:54:18,000
Bragg

3473
02:54:15,439 --> 02:54:20,559
getting lucky at Chikamaga,

3474
02:54:18,000 --> 02:54:22,799
winning the field.

3475
02:54:20,559 --> 02:54:25,359
They win a tactical victory, no doubt

3476
02:54:22,799 --> 02:54:29,599
about it. But he doesn't have

3477
02:54:25,359 --> 02:54:33,680
Chattanooga. Confederates failed to

3478
02:54:29,600 --> 02:54:36,000
exercise any strategic potential from

3479
02:54:33,680 --> 02:54:38,239
that victory.

3480
02:54:36,000 --> 02:54:40,559
Bragg moves his army from the Chikamaga

3481
02:54:38,239 --> 02:54:43,439
battlefield to the heights overlooking

3482
02:54:40,559 --> 02:54:47,519
Union occupied Chattanooga.

3483
02:54:43,439 --> 02:54:49,439
There he plans to lay siege to the city.

3484
02:54:47,520 --> 02:54:54,200
Lincoln and his cabinet fear it could

3485
02:54:49,439 --> 02:54:54,200
become Vixsburg in reverse.

3486
02:54:54,398 --> 02:54:59,278
As summer turns to autumn, the situation

3487
02:54:57,120 --> 02:55:02,000
for the Union forces at Chattanooga

3488
02:54:59,279 --> 02:55:04,960
grows desperate.

3489
02:55:02,000 --> 02:55:07,600
Bragg has in essence cut off all supply

3490
02:55:04,959 --> 02:55:09,919
lines into the city.

3491
02:55:07,600 --> 02:55:13,120
The trapped and now starving army of the

3492
02:55:09,920 --> 02:55:15,760
Cumberland is not just defeated,

3493
02:55:13,120 --> 02:55:17,600
it's demoralized.

3494
02:55:15,760 --> 02:55:20,318
The army's ineffective commander,

3495
02:55:17,600 --> 02:55:22,960
William Stark Rose Crans, is described

3496
02:55:20,318 --> 02:55:25,680
by Lincoln as stunned like a duck hit in

3497
02:55:22,959 --> 02:55:29,839
the head.

3498
02:55:25,680 --> 02:55:31,840
On October 21st, Rose Crays is replaced

3499
02:55:29,840 --> 02:55:32,398
and the most familiar face in the

3500
02:55:31,840 --> 02:55:37,105
Western [music]

3501
02:55:32,398 --> 02:55:38,959
theater assumes overall command.

3502
02:55:37,105 --> 02:55:41,039
[music]

3503
02:55:38,959 --> 02:55:42,559
Who arrives on the scene, I think, is

3504
02:55:41,040 --> 02:55:44,080
arguably one of the greatest soldiers

3505
02:55:42,559 --> 02:55:48,559
the Civil War ever produced. And that's

3506
02:55:44,079 --> 02:55:51,840
Ulissiz Sgrant. What Grant had was

3507
02:55:48,559 --> 02:55:55,318
nothing you could teach. Grant had a

3508
02:55:51,840 --> 02:55:55,318
natural ability.

3509
02:55:56,478 --> 02:56:02,879
Within days of Grant's arrival,

3510
02:56:00,719 --> 02:56:05,199
supplies and reinforcements begin to

3511
02:56:02,879 --> 02:56:09,799
slip into Chattanooga through a supply

3512
02:56:05,200 --> 02:56:09,800
route called the Cracker Line.

3513
02:56:11,920 --> 02:56:17,520
And Grant comes right in and immediately

3514
02:56:14,079 --> 02:56:21,840
opens up the supply flow and then begins

3515
02:56:17,520 --> 02:56:24,266
as Grant is always thinking, "How can I

3516
02:56:21,840 --> 02:56:25,520
take the fight to the enemy?"

3517
02:56:24,266 --> 02:56:27,359
[music]

3518
02:56:25,520 --> 02:56:30,359
Now it's Grant's enemy that has become

3519
02:56:27,359 --> 02:56:30,359
demoralized.

3520
02:56:31,520 --> 02:56:35,760
By November 1863, [music]

3521
02:56:34,079 --> 02:56:38,879
even the weather seems to be turning

3522
02:56:35,760 --> 02:56:40,159
against Bragg and his men.

3523
02:56:38,879 --> 02:56:42,959
For the men in the Confederate [music]

3524
02:56:40,159 --> 02:56:45,279
trenches, the Civil War is not just

3525
02:56:42,959 --> 02:56:48,478
about states rights or the institution

3526
02:56:45,279 --> 02:56:51,600
of slavery.

3527
02:56:48,478 --> 02:56:57,318
In the war's third year, it's also about

3528
02:56:51,600 --> 02:56:57,318
defending your home and your family.

3529
02:56:58,000 --> 02:57:02,799
In the gloom of late autumn,

3530
02:57:00,639 --> 02:57:07,318
Bragg's men begin to realize that the

3531
02:57:02,799 --> 02:57:07,318
victory at Chikamaga has been wasted

3532
02:57:07,359 --> 02:57:11,840
and the opportunity to turn the tide of

3533
02:57:09,279 --> 02:57:14,840
the western campaign

3534
02:57:11,840 --> 02:57:14,840
squandered.

3535
02:57:15,920 --> 02:57:21,079
Even more disturbing is this sobering

3536
02:57:18,079 --> 02:57:21,079
reality.

3537
02:57:21,279 --> 02:57:27,560
The struggle for Chattanooga will mean

3538
02:57:23,840 --> 02:57:27,559
yet another battle.

3539
02:57:33,359 --> 02:57:37,520
A reinforced grant is ready to go on the

3540
02:57:36,000 --> 02:57:39,760
offensive against the Confederates

3541
02:57:37,520 --> 02:57:42,560
encircling Chattanooga.

3542
02:57:39,760 --> 02:57:46,478
Most are dug in along the crest of

3543
02:57:42,559 --> 02:57:49,519
Missionary Ridge, a 7m long spine of

3544
02:57:46,478 --> 02:57:52,000
soil and stone extending from just east

3545
02:57:49,520 --> 02:57:55,600
of Chattanooga to the Georgia state

3546
02:57:52,000 --> 02:57:57,920
line. For Grant, the key to victory

3547
02:57:55,600 --> 02:58:00,318
depends on destroying the Confederate

3548
02:57:57,920 --> 02:58:02,079
stronghold.

3549
02:58:00,318 --> 02:58:06,318
His plan was to cross [music] the

3550
02:58:02,079 --> 02:58:10,079
Tennessee River northeast of Chattanooga

3551
02:58:06,318 --> 02:58:13,278
and get on the flank of Missionary Ridge

3552
02:58:10,079 --> 02:58:17,799
and then advance along Missionary Ridge,

3553
02:58:13,279 --> 02:58:17,800
rolling up the Confederate line.

3554
02:58:20,799 --> 02:58:26,959
November 19th, 1863. [music]

3555
02:58:25,279 --> 02:58:29,840
On the very day Lincoln gives the

3556
02:58:26,959 --> 02:58:32,647
Gettysburg address, Joshua Callaway

3557
02:58:29,840 --> 02:58:34,478
climbs Lookout Mountain.

3558
02:58:32,647 --> 02:58:37,599
[music]

3559
02:58:34,478 --> 02:58:40,507
The 2300 ft precipice towers over the

3560
02:58:37,600 --> 02:58:42,527
Union forces in Chattanooga.

3561
02:58:40,507 --> 02:58:42,527
[music]

3562
02:58:45,093 --> 02:58:49,679
[music] Dear Loi, yesterday I got some

3563
02:58:47,920 --> 02:58:51,920
fellas to go up to the top of Lookout

3564
02:58:49,680 --> 02:58:55,040
Mountain. I could not help [music] but

3565
02:58:51,920 --> 02:58:57,538
feel a spark of ambition,

3566
02:58:55,040 --> 02:59:01,439
desire to make my name as immortal

3567
02:58:57,538 --> 02:59:04,088
[music] as that of Lookout Mountain.

3568
02:59:01,439 --> 02:59:06,639
My ambition cooled off and I began

3569
02:59:04,088 --> 02:59:10,000
[music] to think how I'd be perfectly

3570
02:59:06,639 --> 02:59:13,599
content to be at home with my wife,

3571
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:15,359
never thought of after I die.

3572
02:59:13,600 --> 02:59:17,840
You need not be at all surprised [music]

3573
02:59:15,359 --> 02:59:20,840
to hear of some demonstration at any

3574
02:59:17,840 --> 02:59:20,840
moment.

3575
02:59:21,120 --> 02:59:26,520
As ever, you're devoted JK Callaway.

3576
02:59:27,600 --> 02:59:35,040
November 24th, 1863.

3577
02:59:31,680 --> 02:59:38,318
On a foggy, misty day, Grant's trusted

3578
02:59:35,040 --> 02:59:41,760
lieutenant, William Tecumsa Sherman,

3579
02:59:38,318 --> 02:59:44,719
leads a Union force of 16,000 from

3580
02:59:41,760 --> 02:59:48,279
Chattanooga to the northern tip of

3581
02:59:44,719 --> 02:59:48,278
Missionary Ridge.

3582
02:59:48,478 --> 02:59:55,398
The assault on the Confederate

3583
02:59:50,159 --> 02:59:55,398
stronghold is about to begin.

3584
02:59:56,159 --> 03:00:02,000
The same day, General Joseph Hooker and

3585
02:59:59,040 --> 03:00:04,800
some [music] 10,000 Union troops attack

3586
03:00:02,000 --> 03:00:07,520
1,500 Confederates dug into Lookout

3587
03:00:04,799 --> 03:00:10,159
Mountain.

3588
03:00:07,520 --> 03:00:12,800
The all day fight becomes known as the

3589
03:00:10,159 --> 03:00:15,200
battle above the clouds.

3590
03:00:12,799 --> 03:00:17,599
By nightfall, the overwhelmed

3591
03:00:15,200 --> 03:00:19,680
Confederates evacuate.

3592
03:00:17,600 --> 03:00:21,840
But the fate of Chattanooga will not be

3593
03:00:19,680 --> 03:00:26,079
determined at Lookout Mountain, but

3594
03:00:21,840 --> 03:00:26,079
rather Missionary Ridge.

3595
03:00:31,359 --> 03:00:38,439
The next morning, Sherman's assault on

3596
03:00:33,840 --> 03:00:38,439
Missionary Ridge goes nowhere.

3597
03:00:38,799 --> 03:00:44,159
A top the height are 4,000 Confederates,

3598
03:00:42,239 --> 03:00:47,159
skillfully led by General Patrick

3599
03:00:44,159 --> 03:00:47,159
Clayburn.

3600
03:00:48,079 --> 03:00:55,520
A Confederate defender remarks, "We feel

3601
03:00:51,120 --> 03:00:58,560
we can kill all they send after us."

3602
03:00:55,520 --> 03:01:01,760
With Sherman's attack paralyzed, Grant

3603
03:00:58,559 --> 03:01:04,760
turns to George Thomas, the Rock of

3604
03:01:01,760 --> 03:01:04,760
Chikamaga.

3605
03:01:05,680 --> 03:01:09,680
Grant orders Thomas to attack

3606
03:01:07,520 --> 03:01:12,720
Confederate rifle pits at the base of

3607
03:01:09,680 --> 03:01:16,639
Missionary Ridge.

3608
03:01:12,719 --> 03:01:19,278
But Thomas' veterans do not stop there.

3609
03:01:16,639 --> 03:01:23,039
They continue up the steep slope with

3610
03:01:19,279 --> 03:01:26,040
one thing in mind.

3611
03:01:23,040 --> 03:01:26,040
Redemption.

3612
03:01:26,559 --> 03:01:32,159
Once Thomas's troops took the trenches

3613
03:01:29,359 --> 03:01:33,680
at the base of the ridge. What the hell

3614
03:01:32,159 --> 03:01:35,520
were they supposed [music] to do? They

3615
03:01:33,680 --> 03:01:37,520
now were exposed to Confederate fire up

3616
03:01:35,520 --> 03:01:41,120
the ridge.

3617
03:01:37,520 --> 03:01:42,960
They just started moving up the Defiles.

3618
03:01:41,120 --> 03:01:46,079
It's not much different than the guys

3619
03:01:42,959 --> 03:01:47,679
going the shore at Omaha [music] Beach.

3620
03:01:46,079 --> 03:01:51,639
They know they got to take the high

3621
03:01:47,680 --> 03:01:51,639
ground eventually.

3622
03:01:53,079 --> 03:01:55,100
[screaming]

3623
03:01:55,200 --> 03:02:00,159
The Union attack on Missionary Ridge is

3624
03:01:58,079 --> 03:02:03,799
one of the most dramatic moments of the

3625
03:02:00,159 --> 03:02:03,799
entire war.

3626
03:02:10,079 --> 03:02:13,760
Among the Confederate defenders of

3627
03:02:11,840 --> 03:02:17,960
Missionary Ridge, the scene was

3628
03:02:13,760 --> 03:02:17,960
pandemonium and confusion.

3629
03:02:18,318 --> 03:02:21,519
With that, there was nothing left for

3630
03:02:19,760 --> 03:02:24,159
the Confederates to do but get away as

3631
03:02:21,520 --> 03:02:26,319
quick as they could, and they fled down

3632
03:02:24,159 --> 03:02:30,039
the back slope of Missionary Ridge as

3633
03:02:26,318 --> 03:02:30,039
fast as they could run.

3634
03:02:30,478 --> 03:02:36,959
Colonel C. Irvine Walker of the 10th

3635
03:02:33,120 --> 03:02:39,200
South Carolina Infantry.

3636
03:02:36,959 --> 03:02:42,239
I don't think any feat of the war can

3637
03:02:39,200 --> 03:02:44,079
equal their attack on Missionary Ridge.

3638
03:02:42,239 --> 03:02:46,639
If only our men had held their ground,

3639
03:02:44,079 --> 03:02:48,398
it would have been child's play.

3640
03:02:46,639 --> 03:02:50,639
But instead, they fled panicstricken

3641
03:02:48,398 --> 03:02:52,159
before the enemy. When I saw the men

3642
03:02:50,639 --> 03:02:55,599
running, I could not believe that these

3643
03:02:52,159 --> 03:02:57,920
were the heroes of Shiloh, Pville, Oak

3644
03:02:55,600 --> 03:03:01,200
Hills, and Chickamonga.

3645
03:02:57,920 --> 03:03:02,478
Bragg orders a retreat into Georgia.

3646
03:03:01,200 --> 03:03:05,200
With a Confederate defeat at

3647
03:03:02,478 --> 03:03:08,159
Chattanooga, the gateway to the deep

3648
03:03:05,200 --> 03:03:10,960
south has [music] been pried open.

3649
03:03:08,159 --> 03:03:13,840
A junior officer from Bragg's army later

3650
03:03:10,959 --> 03:03:18,199
calls the defeat at Missionary Ridge the

3651
03:03:13,840 --> 03:03:18,200
death nail of the Confederacy.

3652
03:03:25,600 --> 03:03:30,559
The battles of Chikamaga and Chattanooga

3653
03:03:28,057 --> 03:03:34,200
[music] result in 30,000 casualties for

3654
03:03:30,559 --> 03:03:34,199
the Army of Tennessee.

3655
03:03:36,559 --> 03:03:43,239
Some 2500 give their lives to the

3656
03:03:39,600 --> 03:03:43,239
Confederate cause.

3657
03:03:49,120 --> 03:03:53,600
Two weeks after the battles for

3658
03:03:50,559 --> 03:03:57,000
Chattanooga, Dulania Callaway receives

3659
03:03:53,600 --> 03:03:57,000
another correspondence.

3660
03:03:57,359 --> 03:04:03,600
Mrs. JK Callaway,

3661
03:04:00,719 --> 03:04:05,679
it now falls to my unhappy lot to write

3662
03:04:03,600 --> 03:04:08,239
you a short letter letting you know what

3663
03:04:05,680 --> 03:04:11,040
has become of your muchbeloved husband,

3664
03:04:08,239 --> 03:04:12,959
Lieutenant Joshua K. Callaway,

3665
03:04:11,040 --> 03:04:16,720
who fell in the Battle of Missionary

3666
03:04:12,959 --> 03:04:18,799
Ridge, mortally wounded.

3667
03:04:16,719 --> 03:04:23,438
While rallying his company, he was shot

3668
03:04:18,799 --> 03:04:25,438
through the boughels with a mini ball.

3669
03:04:23,439 --> 03:04:28,479
We picked him up and started off the

3670
03:04:25,439 --> 03:04:31,800
field when he asked us to lay him down

3671
03:04:28,478 --> 03:04:31,799
and die.

3672
03:04:32,639 --> 03:04:37,358
I have every reason to believe he's gone

3673
03:04:34,799 --> 03:04:40,358
to a better land where there's no more

3674
03:04:37,359 --> 03:04:40,359
war.

3675
03:04:41,200 --> 03:04:45,840
The company and officers deeply

3676
03:04:42,959 --> 03:04:49,438
sympathize with you and his loss.

3677
03:04:45,840 --> 03:04:53,159
But what is your loss and our loss is

3678
03:04:49,439 --> 03:04:53,159
his eternal gain.

3679
03:04:54,879 --> 03:05:02,278
WF AOK, Lieutenant Company K, 28th

3680
03:04:58,719 --> 03:05:02,278
Alabama Regiment.

3681
03:05:04,079 --> 03:05:09,279
With the death of her husband and the

3682
03:05:06,398 --> 03:05:12,000
knowledge now that he's not coming home,

3683
03:05:09,279 --> 03:05:15,439
Doulsonia Callaway has to begin

3684
03:05:12,000 --> 03:05:20,200
envisioning a future that she is going

3685
03:05:15,439 --> 03:05:20,200
to create for her children on her own.

3686
03:05:20,398 --> 03:05:26,559
And she's just like so many other white

3687
03:05:23,040 --> 03:05:29,200
women in the South because 18% of

3688
03:05:26,559 --> 03:05:31,920
southern white men of military age died

3689
03:05:29,200 --> 03:05:34,800
in this war. That's a significant loss

3690
03:05:31,920 --> 03:05:37,200
and it left many widows behind. And

3691
03:05:34,799 --> 03:05:41,799
these widows though, what choice do they

3692
03:05:37,200 --> 03:05:41,800
have? They have to move on.

3693
03:05:42,000 --> 03:05:48,239
By the end of 1863,

3694
03:05:44,478 --> 03:05:51,599
the war in the east remains a stalemate.

3695
03:05:48,239 --> 03:05:55,680
But the western theater is thus far a

3696
03:05:51,600 --> 03:05:58,159
stunning success for Union forces.

3697
03:05:55,680 --> 03:06:00,159
Since the war began, the North has been

3698
03:05:58,159 --> 03:06:03,760
victorious at forts Henry and

3699
03:06:00,159 --> 03:06:07,920
Donaldelsson, Shiloh, Corinth, Stones

3700
03:06:03,760 --> 03:06:10,639
River, Vixsburg, and Chattanooga.

3701
03:06:07,920 --> 03:06:12,879
To the south, the Union Navy has

3702
03:06:10,639 --> 03:06:15,199
captured the major port of New Orleans

3703
03:06:12,879 --> 03:06:18,559
and now controls the entire Mississippi

3704
03:06:15,200 --> 03:06:20,560
River. Equally important is the naval

3705
03:06:18,559 --> 03:06:22,639
blockade along the Gulf Coast [music]

3706
03:06:20,559 --> 03:06:26,278
that is squeezing the life out of the

3707
03:06:22,639 --> 03:06:26,278
Confederate economy.

3708
03:06:27,840 --> 03:06:32,000
And now the armies are poised on the

3709
03:06:29,680 --> 03:06:35,200
border of Georgia. And you can push down

3710
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:37,760
into not just Georgia, but Alabama. And

3711
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:39,359
you can you can really strike that final

3712
03:06:37,760 --> 03:06:42,000
dagger into the heart of the Western

3713
03:06:39,359 --> 03:06:43,120
Confederacy.

3714
03:06:42,000 --> 03:06:45,279
That dagger [music]

3715
03:06:43,120 --> 03:06:48,079
is now in the hands of Union General

3716
03:06:45,279 --> 03:06:49,840
William Tecumsa Sherman.

3717
03:06:48,079 --> 03:06:53,039
That's because Lincoln has promoted

3718
03:06:49,840 --> 03:06:55,040
Ulysiz S. Grant to Lieutenant General,

3719
03:06:53,040 --> 03:06:57,279
making him general and chief of all

3720
03:06:55,040 --> 03:06:58,880
Union armies.

3721
03:06:57,279 --> 03:07:01,600
Grant chooses to make his field

3722
03:06:58,879 --> 03:07:04,879
headquarters with the Army of the PTOAC

3723
03:07:01,600 --> 03:07:08,159
in its fight in Virginia.

3724
03:07:04,879 --> 03:07:10,719
And so what Lincoln is hoping with based

3725
03:07:08,159 --> 03:07:13,840
on his horrible experience with generals

3726
03:07:10,719 --> 03:07:15,599
in the east that if he can bring if he

3727
03:07:13,840 --> 03:07:17,963
can bring Grant from the west to the

3728
03:07:15,600 --> 03:07:21,120
east, Grant is going to do in the east

3729
03:07:17,963 --> 03:07:22,879
[music] what he did in the west.

3730
03:07:21,120 --> 03:07:25,359
Grant understands what Lincoln's

3731
03:07:22,879 --> 03:07:28,959
understood [music] for several years

3732
03:07:25,359 --> 03:07:32,239
that to win this war, the Union has to

3733
03:07:28,959 --> 03:07:34,398
attack the Confederacy simultaneously

3734
03:07:32,239 --> 03:07:37,119
everywhere.

3735
03:07:34,398 --> 03:07:39,119
In Virginia, Grant will attempt to do

3736
03:07:37,120 --> 03:07:40,720
what no Union general has been able to

3737
03:07:39,120 --> 03:07:43,439
accomplish,

3738
03:07:40,719 --> 03:07:48,559
except the unconditional surrender of

3739
03:07:43,439 --> 03:07:50,318
Roberty Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.

3740
03:07:48,559 --> 03:07:52,000
People in the North might have sat back

3741
03:07:50,318 --> 03:07:54,799
and said, "Well, the war is almost over

3742
03:07:52,000 --> 03:07:56,398
now. Victory is within reach. Grant is

3743
03:07:54,799 --> 03:07:58,398
ready to move on Richmond. Sherman is

3744
03:07:56,398 --> 03:08:00,159
ready to move on Atlanta. We'll just

3745
03:07:58,398 --> 03:08:02,000
start counting the weeks now until the

3746
03:08:00,159 --> 03:08:06,920
war ends."

3747
03:08:02,000 --> 03:08:06,920
And then it all dried up.

3748
03:08:08,239 --> 03:08:12,879
May 1864,

3749
03:08:10,879 --> 03:08:15,519
a succession of battles in the confused

3750
03:08:12,879 --> 03:08:17,569
terrain northwest of Richmond results in

3751
03:08:15,520 --> 03:08:20,600
a bloodbath for the Union Army of the

3752
03:08:17,569 --> 03:08:20,600
[music] PTOAC.

3753
03:08:21,840 --> 03:08:26,079
At the battles of Wilderness,

3754
03:08:24,000 --> 03:08:27,920
Spennsylvania Courthouse, and Cold

3755
03:08:26,079 --> 03:08:30,239
Harbor,

3756
03:08:27,920 --> 03:08:34,359
Grant's forces suffer a staggering

3757
03:08:30,239 --> 03:08:34,359
50,000 casualties.

3758
03:08:34,719 --> 03:08:39,760
The catastrophic loss of life helps to

3759
03:08:37,359 --> 03:08:42,399
fuel a growing anti-war movement in the

3760
03:08:39,760 --> 03:08:44,719
North.

3761
03:08:42,398 --> 03:08:46,719
A vocal faction of the Democratic Party,

3762
03:08:44,719 --> 03:08:49,199
dubbed Copperheads by their Republican

3763
03:08:46,719 --> 03:08:52,879
rivals, vehemently [music] denounce

3764
03:08:49,200 --> 03:08:52,880
Lincoln's war policies.

3765
03:08:52,959 --> 03:08:57,919
One New York copperhead [music] writes,

3766
03:08:55,359 --> 03:09:00,159
"The war is murder,

3767
03:08:57,920 --> 03:09:01,840
nothing else."

3768
03:09:00,159 --> 03:09:04,398
If you look at how politics is being

3769
03:09:01,840 --> 03:09:05,920
done on the ground in 1864, what's been

3770
03:09:04,398 --> 03:09:07,840
happening

3771
03:09:05,920 --> 03:09:10,478
in Ohio?

3772
03:09:07,840 --> 03:09:13,120
Clement Leairard Valandigum,

3773
03:09:10,478 --> 03:09:15,358
an Ohio Democratic congressman who has

3774
03:09:13,120 --> 03:09:17,439
actually been arrested for anti-war

3775
03:09:15,359 --> 03:09:19,279
activities and expelled into the ranks

3776
03:09:17,439 --> 03:09:21,680
of the Confederacy,

3777
03:09:19,279 --> 03:09:23,760
is now running for governor of Ohio from

3778
03:09:21,680 --> 03:09:25,279
his vantage point across the border in

3779
03:09:23,760 --> 03:09:27,680
Canada.

3780
03:09:25,279 --> 03:09:30,239
And he has thousands upon thousands of

3781
03:09:27,680 --> 03:09:33,680
people turning out in rallies to support

3782
03:09:30,239 --> 03:09:35,840
him. The governor of New York is now a

3783
03:09:33,680 --> 03:09:40,159
Democrat. The governor of New Jersey is

3784
03:09:35,840 --> 03:09:42,318
now a Democrat. All of them very public,

3785
03:09:40,159 --> 03:09:43,840
very vehement in their denunciation of

3786
03:09:42,318 --> 03:09:47,439
the Emancipation Proclamation [music]

3787
03:09:43,840 --> 03:09:49,279
and the Lincoln administration.

3788
03:09:47,439 --> 03:09:52,239
The Copperheads not only demand

3789
03:09:49,279 --> 03:09:55,359
Lincoln's ouster, but also an immediate

3790
03:09:52,239 --> 03:09:57,760
peace treaty with the Confederacy.

3791
03:09:55,359 --> 03:10:02,279
They will become a political force in a

3792
03:09:57,760 --> 03:10:02,279
year when Lincoln faces reelection.

3793
03:10:03,120 --> 03:10:07,600
While Grant's offensive stalls in

3794
03:10:05,040 --> 03:10:11,439
Virginia, Sherman begins to move his

3795
03:10:07,600 --> 03:10:12,960
army of 100,000 from Chattanooga into

3796
03:10:11,439 --> 03:10:16,800
Georgia.

3797
03:10:12,959 --> 03:10:19,119
His mission to capture Atlanta, a major

3798
03:10:16,799 --> 03:10:22,398
manufacturing center and industrial hub

3799
03:10:19,120 --> 03:10:24,800
of the Confederate war machine. Its four

3800
03:10:22,398 --> 03:10:26,879
railroad lines bind together what is

3801
03:10:24,799 --> 03:10:30,239
left of the Confederacy.

3802
03:10:26,879 --> 03:10:32,478
The purpose of ultimately taking Atlanta

3803
03:10:30,239 --> 03:10:35,279
was to also bring [music]

3804
03:10:32,478 --> 03:10:39,119
havoc and destruction to the

3805
03:10:35,279 --> 03:10:42,960
Confederacy's ability to field troops to

3806
03:10:39,120 --> 03:10:44,880
supply them to keep their economy going.

3807
03:10:42,959 --> 03:10:47,278
Rail lines run through Atlanta. [music]

3808
03:10:44,879 --> 03:10:49,839
Munitions are being produced in Atlanta.

3809
03:10:47,279 --> 03:10:53,680
Clothing is being produced in Atlanta.

3810
03:10:49,840 --> 03:10:55,680
You have to strike that last not just

3811
03:10:53,680 --> 03:11:00,800
vulnerable place. [music] You have to

3812
03:10:55,680 --> 03:11:03,200
strike that last important place.

3813
03:11:00,799 --> 03:11:06,879
Marching towards Atlanta with 111th

3814
03:11:03,200 --> 03:11:09,200
Illinois Infantry is Austin Gilmore, a

3815
03:11:06,879 --> 03:11:12,959
former slave from Tennessee who has

3816
03:11:09,200 --> 03:11:15,359
volunteered to fight.

3817
03:11:12,959 --> 03:11:19,358
Austin, however, will not serve as a

3818
03:11:15,359 --> 03:11:22,079
soldier, but rather as a cook.

3819
03:11:19,359 --> 03:11:23,760
Like many in the north, Sherman does not

3820
03:11:22,079 --> 03:11:25,920
trust the fighting abilities of the

3821
03:11:23,760 --> 03:11:28,559
African-Ameans

3822
03:11:25,920 --> 03:11:31,279
after the war. He writes, "The Negro

3823
03:11:28,559 --> 03:11:35,559
should be a free man, but not put on any

3824
03:11:31,279 --> 03:11:35,560
equality with whites.

3825
03:11:42,239 --> 03:11:47,760
But hundreds of miles west at places

3826
03:11:45,120 --> 03:11:50,479
like Port Gibson, Mississippi and

3827
03:11:47,760 --> 03:11:53,279
Milikans Bend, Louisiana,

3828
03:11:50,478 --> 03:11:56,719
Africanameans have already proven

3829
03:11:53,279 --> 03:11:59,720
Sherman wrong. to let my [singing]

3830
03:11:56,719 --> 03:11:59,719
people.

3831
03:12:02,239 --> 03:12:07,199
In June 1863,

3832
03:12:05,279 --> 03:12:09,840
along the Mississippi River at Milikin's

3833
03:12:07,200 --> 03:12:12,319
Bend,

3834
03:12:09,840 --> 03:12:15,120
black soldiers put up fierce resistance

3835
03:12:12,318 --> 03:12:17,680
to a Confederate attack.

3836
03:12:15,120 --> 03:12:20,399
At Milikin's Bend, you have untrained

3837
03:12:17,680 --> 03:12:23,200
soldiers from Mississippi who do not

3838
03:12:20,398 --> 03:12:25,599
really know how to fire their weapons.

3839
03:12:23,200 --> 03:12:27,279
They end up in hand-to-hand combat. They

3840
03:12:25,600 --> 03:12:30,239
started using their bayonets and using

3841
03:12:27,279 --> 03:12:33,200
their musketss as clubs.

3842
03:12:30,239 --> 03:12:36,239
And once you hear the stories of those

3843
03:12:33,200 --> 03:12:38,000
who served in combat, how they fought,

3844
03:12:36,239 --> 03:12:39,279
then you realize they really are making

3845
03:12:38,000 --> 03:12:41,600
a statement. They're making it with

3846
03:12:39,279 --> 03:12:44,000
their blood.

3847
03:12:41,600 --> 03:12:46,318
Assistant Secretary of War Charles A.

3848
03:12:44,000 --> 03:12:48,398
Dana writes of the Battle of Milikin

3849
03:12:46,318 --> 03:12:50,398
Bend.

3850
03:12:48,398 --> 03:12:52,398
The bravery of the blacks completely

3851
03:12:50,398 --> 03:12:54,559
revolutionized the sentiment of the army

3852
03:12:52,398 --> 03:12:57,559
with regard to the employment of negro

3853
03:12:54,559 --> 03:12:57,559
troops.

3854
03:12:59,760 --> 03:13:06,359
But with their service has also come

3855
03:13:01,920 --> 03:13:06,359
tragedy and controversy.

3856
03:13:10,719 --> 03:13:15,599
As Sherman prepares for the Atlanta

3857
03:13:12,639 --> 03:13:19,039
campaign, a detachment of Confederate

3858
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:21,120
cavalry attacks Fort Pillow,

3859
03:13:19,040 --> 03:13:24,120
a Union post along the Mississippi

3860
03:13:21,120 --> 03:13:24,120
River.

3861
03:13:25,040 --> 03:13:29,720
It is 40 m north of Memphis.

3862
03:13:32,318 --> 03:13:39,398
The cavalry is under command of Nathan

3863
03:13:35,600 --> 03:13:39,399
Bedford Forest.

3864
03:13:39,760 --> 03:13:44,960
To this day, Forest is at once reviled

3865
03:13:42,799 --> 03:13:47,438
and revered.

3866
03:13:44,959 --> 03:13:49,278
Before the war, he made a fortune in the

3867
03:13:47,439 --> 03:13:51,680
slave trade.

3868
03:13:49,279 --> 03:13:54,319
Enlisting as a private, Forest's [music]

3869
03:13:51,680 --> 03:13:57,600
daring battlefield exploits has seen him

3870
03:13:54,318 --> 03:14:00,000
rise to the rank of major general.

3871
03:13:57,600 --> 03:14:03,600
Among the 500 plus defenders of Fort

3872
03:14:00,000 --> 03:14:05,120
Pillow are 262 men of the US Colored

3873
03:14:03,600 --> 03:14:07,600
Artillery.

3874
03:14:05,120 --> 03:14:11,520
As they attempt to surrender,

3875
03:14:07,600 --> 03:14:13,920
many of the soldiers are killed.

3876
03:14:11,520 --> 03:14:17,200
Confederate Sergeant Achilles V. Clark

3877
03:14:13,920 --> 03:14:19,600
wrote, "The poor, deluded negroes would

3878
03:14:17,200 --> 03:14:22,319
run up to our men, fall upon their

3879
03:14:19,600 --> 03:14:24,880
knees, and with uplifted hands scream

3880
03:14:22,318 --> 03:14:27,680
for mercy,

3881
03:14:24,879 --> 03:14:31,238
but they were ordered to their feet,

3882
03:14:27,680 --> 03:14:31,238
and shot down.

3883
03:14:32,398 --> 03:14:39,799
200 of the 262 black soldiers at Fort

3884
03:14:35,920 --> 03:14:39,799
Pillow are killed.

3885
03:14:40,159 --> 03:14:45,439
A federal investigation after the war

3886
03:14:42,719 --> 03:14:49,398
concludes most were shot after the Union

3887
03:14:45,439 --> 03:14:49,398
garrison had surrendered.

3888
03:14:53,200 --> 03:14:58,319
The slaughter at Fort Pillow enrages

3889
03:14:55,359 --> 03:15:00,399
people throughout the North.

3890
03:14:58,318 --> 03:15:02,959
In the South, the Congress of the

3891
03:15:00,398 --> 03:15:06,959
Confederate States adopts a resolution

3892
03:15:02,959 --> 03:15:08,959
expressing its appreciation for forest.

3893
03:15:06,959 --> 03:15:11,358
With thousands of African-Ameans now

3894
03:15:08,959 --> 03:15:14,000
fighting for the Union, Confederate

3895
03:15:11,359 --> 03:15:16,640
President Jefferson Davis makes it clear

3896
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:19,439
that captured black soldiers will not be

3897
03:15:16,639 --> 03:15:23,119
treated as prisoners of war,

3898
03:15:19,439 --> 03:15:26,120
but rather as slaves to be returned to

3899
03:15:23,120 --> 03:15:26,120
bondage.

3900
03:15:28,238 --> 03:15:34,119
which makes the story of Emma Stevenson

3901
03:15:30,478 --> 03:15:34,119
all the more remarkable.

3902
03:15:34,238 --> 03:15:39,199
Like Austin Gilmore, Emma is

3903
03:15:36,879 --> 03:15:41,599
emancipated.

3904
03:15:39,200 --> 03:15:44,720
Now marching towards Atlanta with

3905
03:15:41,600 --> 03:15:47,760
Sherman's army, Emma is a nurse with the

3906
03:15:44,719 --> 03:15:50,238
17th Army Corps.

3907
03:15:47,760 --> 03:15:53,040
I think a part of performing that kind

3908
03:15:50,238 --> 03:15:55,520
of work is that you want to have a stake

3909
03:15:53,040 --> 03:15:58,160
in liberating your people and in

3910
03:15:55,520 --> 03:16:02,079
essentially liberating yourself.

3911
03:15:58,159 --> 03:16:05,119
That's a powerful message.

3912
03:16:02,079 --> 03:16:07,840
And so it's very important for Americans

3913
03:16:05,120 --> 03:16:11,141
to know that there were Emma Stevenson's

3914
03:16:07,840 --> 03:16:13,159
in the midst of the war.

3915
03:16:11,140 --> 03:16:13,159
[crying]

3916
03:16:13,200 --> 03:16:18,239
In Sherman's way, 30 mi south of

3917
03:16:15,680 --> 03:16:21,120
Chattanooga is a Confederate army of

3918
03:16:18,238 --> 03:16:23,039
65,000 men.

3919
03:16:21,120 --> 03:16:26,239
Braxton Bragg has been replaced [music]

3920
03:16:23,040 --> 03:16:27,760
with General Joseph Johnston. Johnston

3921
03:16:26,238 --> 03:16:30,478
knows that the very future of the

3922
03:16:27,760 --> 03:16:33,120
Confederacy depends on protecting

3923
03:16:30,478 --> 03:16:35,438
Atlanta.

3924
03:16:33,120 --> 03:16:38,000
Keep it moving. Keep it moving.

3925
03:16:35,439 --> 03:16:42,840
At every opportunity, Johnston's men

3926
03:16:38,000 --> 03:16:42,840
build miles of makeshift fortifications.

3927
03:16:46,478 --> 03:16:51,840
For the Confederates, outnumbered almost

3928
03:16:48,639 --> 03:16:55,039
2 to1, trench warfare is an effective

3929
03:16:51,840 --> 03:16:57,646
defensive strategy.

3930
03:16:55,040 --> 03:17:00,160
One good man behind earthworks, writes

3931
03:16:57,646 --> 03:17:02,640
[music] an officer, should prevail over

3932
03:17:00,159 --> 03:17:06,159
four or five opponents advancing in the

3933
03:17:02,639 --> 03:17:08,639
open without cover.

3934
03:17:06,159 --> 03:17:11,799
The Federals respond with trenches of

3935
03:17:08,639 --> 03:17:11,799
their own.

3936
03:17:12,639 --> 03:17:16,519
Keep your head down, gentlemen.

3937
03:17:16,719 --> 03:17:20,639
Often the opposing earthworks lie within

3938
03:17:19,040 --> 03:17:24,160
a few yards of each other.

3939
03:17:20,639 --> 03:17:27,278
Keep your head down, Jack.

3940
03:17:24,159 --> 03:17:29,279
There he is.

3941
03:17:27,279 --> 03:17:31,520
Sergeant Johnny [music] Green is a

3942
03:17:29,279 --> 03:17:34,560
Confederate with the 9inth Kentucky

3943
03:17:31,520 --> 03:17:37,120
Infantry. Anyone

3944
03:17:34,559 --> 03:17:38,799
who shows his head above the trenches is

3945
03:17:37,120 --> 03:17:41,600
sure to have two or three mini balls

3946
03:17:38,799 --> 03:17:43,358
come singing around his ears. But we

3947
03:17:41,600 --> 03:17:48,040
soon got so accustomed [music] to it

3948
03:17:43,359 --> 03:17:48,040
that the boys grew very careless.

3949
03:17:49,520 --> 03:17:54,960
Keep your heads down, gentlemen. Keep

3950
03:17:51,680 --> 03:17:59,159
your heads down, man. Hit your target,

3951
03:17:54,959 --> 03:17:59,159
but keep your heads down.

3952
03:17:59,200 --> 03:18:04,159
For the past month in northern Georgia,

3953
03:18:01,760 --> 03:18:06,880
Sherman and Johnston have been waging a

3954
03:18:04,159 --> 03:18:09,039
deadly game of chess.

3955
03:18:06,879 --> 03:18:12,000
Time and again, Sherman has tried to

3956
03:18:09,040 --> 03:18:14,399
outflank the Confederate army. Each

3957
03:18:12,000 --> 03:18:16,079
time, his moves have been checked by

3958
03:18:14,398 --> 03:18:18,318
Johnston.

3959
03:18:16,079 --> 03:18:20,079
But in the process, the Confederate

3960
03:18:18,318 --> 03:18:24,398
general has been forced to yield

3961
03:18:20,079 --> 03:18:26,159
precious ground. By midJune 1864,

3962
03:18:24,398 --> 03:18:30,760
Johnston's army is [music] backed up to

3963
03:18:26,159 --> 03:18:30,760
within 20 miles of Atlanta.

3964
03:18:32,959 --> 03:18:37,278
Caught in a crossfire in the campaign

3965
03:18:34,799 --> 03:18:43,238
for Atlanta are the people of Cobb

3966
03:18:37,279 --> 03:18:43,238
County, Georgia. Population 14,000.

3967
03:18:44,159 --> 03:18:49,079
About 1th3 of those are slaves.

3968
03:18:53,439 --> 03:18:57,600
Most of the residents [music] are not

3969
03:18:54,879 --> 03:19:00,879
wealthy plantation owners, but yman

3970
03:18:57,600 --> 03:19:02,640
farmers who do not own slaves.

3971
03:19:00,879 --> 03:19:05,199
Hurry, girls. Hurry.

3972
03:19:02,639 --> 03:19:07,119
Lucinda Casey is a widow.

3973
03:19:05,200 --> 03:19:10,159
That's it. Let's go.

3974
03:19:07,120 --> 03:19:13,120
She struggles to keep the family farm

3975
03:19:10,159 --> 03:19:16,079
while raising three children.

3976
03:19:13,120 --> 03:19:18,800
We need to get her. So, will you help

3977
03:19:16,079 --> 03:19:21,439
her, please? Come on, Nancy. As

3978
03:19:18,799 --> 03:19:22,959
Sherman's army approaches,

3979
03:19:21,439 --> 03:19:26,318
Lucinda

3980
03:19:22,959 --> 03:19:29,119
and daughters Louisa, Nancy, and

3981
03:19:26,318 --> 03:19:31,519
Hazeline

3982
03:19:29,120 --> 03:19:35,399
quickly pack their belongings and flee

3983
03:19:31,520 --> 03:19:35,399
to the safety of Atlanta.

3984
03:19:40,079 --> 03:19:45,120
In June 1864,

3985
03:19:42,639 --> 03:19:48,639
more than 100,000 soldiers from both

3986
03:19:45,120 --> 03:19:51,640
Confederate and Union armies ravage Cobb

3987
03:19:48,639 --> 03:19:51,639
County.

3988
03:19:52,318 --> 03:19:58,199
At Lucinda Casey's home, nothing is

3989
03:19:55,200 --> 03:19:58,200
spared.

3990
03:19:59,840 --> 03:20:04,478
As Sherman's troops made their way

3991
03:20:01,760 --> 03:20:06,639
through Georgia, it showed that this war

3992
03:20:04,478 --> 03:20:09,278
had changed.

3993
03:20:06,639 --> 03:20:12,879
It had clearly become

3994
03:20:09,279 --> 03:20:15,920
closer to the lives of civilians. No

3995
03:20:12,879 --> 03:20:18,159
longer was the war something fought at a

3996
03:20:15,920 --> 03:20:21,680
distance, [screaming] something that was

3997
03:20:18,159 --> 03:20:24,000
on some remote battlefield.

3998
03:20:21,680 --> 03:20:26,800
That kind of distance between homeront

3999
03:20:24,000 --> 03:20:28,159
and battlefield had collapsed. That

4000
03:20:26,799 --> 03:20:30,719
really there wasn't much of a

4001
03:20:28,159 --> 03:20:32,559
distinction anymore.

4002
03:20:30,719 --> 03:20:35,959
And the war was now literally on

4003
03:20:32,559 --> 03:20:35,959
people's doorsteps.

4004
03:20:36,318 --> 03:20:41,199
Sherman has begun to craft this new

4005
03:20:38,478 --> 03:20:43,519
style of warfare. One of the ways that

4006
03:20:41,200 --> 03:20:46,399
you dominate, one of the ways that you

4007
03:20:43,520 --> 03:20:49,600
completely control is that everything

4008
03:20:46,398 --> 03:20:54,318
has a military objective.

4009
03:20:49,600 --> 03:20:59,520
Everything, every jin, every barn, every

4010
03:20:54,318 --> 03:21:04,760
horse, every cow, and every civilian,

4011
03:20:59,520 --> 03:21:04,760
everything becomes a military objective.

4012
03:21:05,600 --> 03:21:10,559
By mid June, Sherman's army has moved

4013
03:21:08,639 --> 03:21:12,398
within striking distance of his

4014
03:21:10,559 --> 03:21:15,199
objective.

4015
03:21:12,398 --> 03:21:17,920
Only one last mountain remains between

4016
03:21:15,200 --> 03:21:21,120
Sherman and Atlanta.

4017
03:21:17,920 --> 03:21:26,159
Kennesaw Mountain is over 1,800 [music]

4018
03:21:21,120 --> 03:21:28,800
ft high and 2 m long. Some call it the

4019
03:21:26,159 --> 03:21:32,238
Gibralar [music] of Georgia.

4020
03:21:28,799 --> 03:21:34,318
For Johnston, Kennesaw's rocky ridges

4021
03:21:32,238 --> 03:21:37,318
are the ideal [music] place to halt

4022
03:21:34,318 --> 03:21:37,318
Sherman.

4023
03:21:38,398 --> 03:21:45,278
The summit is a 700 ft precipice called

4024
03:21:42,159 --> 03:21:48,719
Big Kennesaw. To the south is a [music]

4025
03:21:45,279 --> 03:21:51,439
spur named Pigeon Hill. Further south is

4026
03:21:48,719 --> 03:21:53,679
a ridge soon to be known as Cheetum

4027
03:21:51,439 --> 03:21:57,040
Hill.

4028
03:21:53,680 --> 03:21:59,760
With an imposing 7mm line of defense,

4029
03:21:57,040 --> 03:22:01,359
the Confederates will dare Sherman to

4030
03:21:59,760 --> 03:22:05,200
attack.

4031
03:22:01,359 --> 03:22:07,439
Just 20 miles beyond Kennesaw Mountain

4032
03:22:05,200 --> 03:22:08,640
is Atlanta.

4033
03:22:07,439 --> 03:22:10,479
So, by the time that [music] you get to

4034
03:22:08,639 --> 03:22:12,398
Kennesaw, uh Sherman doesn't want to

4035
03:22:10,478 --> 03:22:14,238
flank around to the west anymore. It's

4036
03:22:12,398 --> 03:22:16,079
getting too far from this rail line. And

4037
03:22:14,238 --> 03:22:18,959
and flanking from the east, for whatever

4038
03:22:16,079 --> 03:22:23,200
reason, didn't seem to be much of a

4039
03:22:18,959 --> 03:22:27,000
discussed option. And so his third

4040
03:22:23,200 --> 03:22:27,000
option was to attack.

4041
03:22:29,439 --> 03:22:35,359
In the pre-dawn hours of June 27th,

4042
03:22:33,040 --> 03:22:38,160
Union officers receive special [music]

4043
03:22:35,359 --> 03:22:39,920
field orders. Number 28.

4044
03:22:38,159 --> 03:22:42,318
Major General Thomas will assault the

4045
03:22:39,920 --> 03:22:44,238
enemy at any point near his center to be

4046
03:22:42,318 --> 03:22:46,639
selected by [music] himself. Major

4047
03:22:44,238 --> 03:22:49,439
General at Kennesaw Mountain.

4048
03:22:46,639 --> 03:22:51,119
Sherman decides on a new tactic. Instead

4049
03:22:49,439 --> 03:22:53,920
of flanking,

4050
03:22:51,120 --> 03:22:55,840
he orders a frontal assault.

4051
03:22:53,920 --> 03:22:56,719
But attack some one point of the enemy's

4052
03:22:55,840 --> 03:22:59,279
line is near.

4053
03:22:56,719 --> 03:23:01,679
Upon hearing the order, an officer with

4054
03:22:59,279 --> 03:23:03,120
the 86th Illinois responds [music] by

4055
03:23:01,680 --> 03:23:05,120
saying,

4056
03:23:03,120 --> 03:23:07,040
"The stupidity of this order is enough

4057
03:23:05,120 --> 03:23:11,359
to paralyze me."

4058
03:23:07,040 --> 03:23:14,319
By order of Major General Deput Sherman,

4059
03:23:11,359 --> 03:23:18,000
a little after 8:00 a.m., the Battle of

4060
03:23:14,318 --> 03:23:21,680
Kennesaw Mountain begins.

4061
03:23:18,000 --> 03:23:24,639
5,500 federals surge up the steep slopes

4062
03:23:21,680 --> 03:23:29,639
of Pigeon Hill.

4063
03:23:24,639 --> 03:23:29,639
A knob just below Kennesaw Mountain.

4064
03:23:35,840 --> 03:23:41,159
The attack is doomed from the stars.

4065
03:23:48,079 --> 03:23:52,520
The battle of Kennesaw Mountain

4066
03:23:52,639 --> 03:23:57,920
goes against

4067
03:23:54,559 --> 03:24:02,639
everything that Sherman has been talking

4068
03:23:57,920 --> 03:24:04,960
about and has been trying to do.

4069
03:24:02,639 --> 03:24:07,599
Why does he do why does he make this uh

4070
03:24:04,959 --> 03:24:11,159
you know assault direct assault against

4071
03:24:07,600 --> 03:24:11,159
dug in troops

4072
03:24:11,840 --> 03:24:16,880
on a high mountain.

4073
03:24:14,959 --> 03:24:18,639
But why does he do this when it it's

4074
03:24:16,879 --> 03:24:21,639
clear that this is just not going to

4075
03:24:18,639 --> 03:24:21,639
work?

4076
03:24:26,000 --> 03:24:30,639
Sherman orders old cooks and musicians

4077
03:24:28,478 --> 03:24:33,119
to the Kennesaw battlefield to aid the

4078
03:24:30,639 --> 03:24:36,159
wounded.

4079
03:24:33,120 --> 03:24:41,640
Unarmed, Austin Gilmore attempts to save

4080
03:24:36,159 --> 03:24:41,639
a Union soldier wounded on Pigeon Hill.

4081
03:24:43,680 --> 03:24:49,040
The former slave is struck in the hip by

4082
03:24:45,760 --> 03:24:51,120
a mini bowl.

4083
03:24:49,040 --> 03:24:54,840
Yet Gilmore manages to [music] drive the

4084
03:24:51,120 --> 03:24:54,840
soldier to safety.

4085
03:24:57,920 --> 03:25:02,159
The Union wounded are taken to a field

4086
03:25:00,478 --> 03:25:04,000
hospital at the base of Kennesaw

4087
03:25:02,159 --> 03:25:06,959
Mountain.

4088
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:10,211
It is a crude open air facility with

4089
03:25:06,959 --> 03:25:12,238
little regard to sanitation.

4090
03:25:10,211 --> 03:25:14,879
[music] Antibiotics have not yet been

4091
03:25:12,238 --> 03:25:18,959
discovered.

4092
03:25:14,879 --> 03:25:20,959
Medical instruments go unsterilized.

4093
03:25:18,959 --> 03:25:23,039
The overwhelmed surgeons work [music]

4094
03:25:20,959 --> 03:25:25,679
courageously

4095
03:25:23,040 --> 03:25:28,560
as do battlefield nurses

4096
03:25:25,680 --> 03:25:31,040
like Emma Stevenson.

4097
03:25:28,559 --> 03:25:32,799
She was in a hospital where there was

4098
03:25:31,040 --> 03:25:35,439
probably not enough room for all [music]

4099
03:25:32,799 --> 03:25:36,959
of the patients there. So it was

4100
03:25:35,439 --> 03:25:40,639
crowded,

4101
03:25:36,959 --> 03:25:43,119
it was loud, it was [music] horrifying.

4102
03:25:40,639 --> 03:25:44,398
And yet she still chose this line of

4103
03:25:43,120 --> 03:25:46,800
work.

4104
03:25:44,398 --> 03:25:49,278
It says something about [music] her

4105
03:25:46,799 --> 03:25:51,840
determination to become free, her

4106
03:25:49,279 --> 03:25:54,960
determination to do what she could to

4107
03:25:51,840 --> 03:25:56,960
ensure that the Union Army had the labor

4108
03:25:54,959 --> 03:25:59,919
and the resources it needed to win this

4109
03:25:56,959 --> 03:26:02,559
war.

4110
03:25:59,920 --> 03:26:04,000
Sherman's frontal assault on Pigeon Hill

4111
03:26:02,559 --> 03:26:06,719
is a disaster.

4112
03:26:04,000 --> 03:26:11,000
Keep ping.

4113
03:26:06,719 --> 03:26:11,000
Come on, [screaming] lad. Push it.

4114
03:26:13,520 --> 03:26:19,439
An officer with the 53rd Ohio sums up

4115
03:26:16,398 --> 03:26:21,920
the fight on Pigeon Hill by saying, "The

4116
03:26:19,439 --> 03:26:25,800
rebels fought with a desperation worthy

4117
03:26:21,920 --> 03:26:25,799
of a better cause."

4118
03:26:26,000 --> 03:26:30,879
Simultaneous to the fight on Pigeon

4119
03:26:27,680 --> 03:26:34,079
Hill, Sherman launches the other wave of

4120
03:26:30,879 --> 03:26:37,358
his main attack. It occurs not at Big

4121
03:26:34,079 --> 03:26:39,520
Kennesaw, but 2 miles south at Chetm

4122
03:26:37,359 --> 03:26:42,079
Hill.

4123
03:26:39,520 --> 03:26:45,200
In the woods below Chitham Hill are

4124
03:26:42,079 --> 03:26:48,959
8,000 Union soldiers.

4125
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:52,399
To embolden his 52nd Ohio, Colonel Dan

4126
03:26:48,959 --> 03:26:54,398
Mcook recites a poem about warriors of

4127
03:26:52,398 --> 03:26:57,519
ancient Rome.

4128
03:26:54,398 --> 03:27:01,840
Outspake brave Horatius, the captain of

4129
03:26:57,520 --> 03:27:06,079
the gate. To every man upon this earth,

4130
03:27:01,840 --> 03:27:09,279
death cometh soon or late.

4131
03:27:06,079 --> 03:27:13,120
And how can man die better

4132
03:27:09,279 --> 03:27:16,640
than facing fearful odds

4133
03:27:13,120 --> 03:27:18,800
for the ashes of your fathers

4134
03:27:16,639 --> 03:27:22,278
and the temples

4135
03:27:18,799 --> 03:27:22,278
of your gods.

4136
03:27:26,079 --> 03:27:30,959
Easy boys, easy.

4137
03:27:28,879 --> 03:27:34,438
To reach the Confederate earthworks on

4138
03:27:30,959 --> 03:27:34,438
Chetam Hill.

4139
03:27:34,879 --> 03:27:39,759
What?

4140
03:27:36,879 --> 03:27:44,199
The Federals must advance across an open

4141
03:27:39,760 --> 03:27:44,200
field in battery

4142
03:27:46,639 --> 03:27:50,599
and up a steep incline.

4143
03:27:57,359 --> 03:28:03,760
Come on.

4144
03:28:00,318 --> 03:28:07,199
It is a 400yard march

4145
03:28:03,760 --> 03:28:10,200
into certain death.

4146
03:28:07,200 --> 03:28:10,200
Aim

4147
03:28:10,559 --> 03:28:16,287
close enough to the works.

4148
03:28:14,269 --> 03:28:16,288
[music]

4149
03:28:36,000 --> 03:28:39,079
Heat. Heat.