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(dramatic music)
(swords clanging)
(soldiers screaming)
(swords clanging)
(dramatic music continues)
(soldiers screaming) (swords clanging)
(dramatic music continues)
(Romans screaming)
(ominous music)
How do you solve a problem like Hannibal?
(Romans screaming)
In a crisis such as this,
the Romans often turned to religion.
- [Roman 1] What's going on?
Are the gods mad at us?
The Gods must be mad at us.
- [Roman 2] But why?
- [Roman 3] I know why.
Two of the Vestal Virgins broke their sacred oath
and lost their virginity!
That's why Hannibal's kicking our ass!
- [Roman 2] What should we do with them?
- [Roman 4] Appease the gods, bury them alive.
(Romans cheering)
- [Roman 1] Who did they even boink?
- [Roman 2] It was those guys.
- [Roman 5] Huh?
- [Roman 1] What should we do with them?
- [Roman 3] Beat them to death!
(Romans cheering) (blows thudding)
- [Narrator] Needless to say, the Romans were freaking out.
- [Roman 1] Okay, now that that's out of our system,
let's go find a real solution.
- [Narrator] The real solution,
first of all, involved raising a new army.
Remember, at Cannae,
Hannibal had wiped out the biggest army Rome
had ever fielded, possibly 20% of Rome's military-aged men.
Rome needed to replace those losses and fast
before Hannibal arrived at their gates.
But where would those replacements come from?
Rome had a few ideas.
- [Roman 1] Quick, lower the age of conscription!
You!
Put down those Digimons.
You're a soldier now.
Enlist all these slaves with the promise of freedom!
(slave cheers)
And equip them with all these religious weapons and armor.
Anything we've got!
All right, men, you are Rome's last line of defense.
Man the walls!
(children cheering)
(ominous music)
- [Narrator] After the earth-shattering defeat at Cannae,
the Romans expected Hannibal to arrive
at their gates any day now.
In Hannibal's camp, the mood was triumphant.
- [Soldier 1] We did it. We won.
So when do we march on Rome?
Today?
- [Soldier 2] I'm free in 10 minutes.
- [Hannibal] Whoa. Whoa. Slow down.
We're not going to Rome.
(soldiers gasping)
We're staying right here.
- [Soldier 1] Are you an idiot, Hannibal?
- [Hannibal] No, I'm smart.
We don't need to march on Rome
because, after what we did,
the Romans are definitely going to surrender.
Watch.
Hey, Jimbob?
- [Jimbob] Yes, sir?
- [Hannibal] Go to Rome and discuss peace terms.
- [Jimbob] Yes, sir.
Hey, I'm here to discuss peace terms terms.
- [Fabius Maximus] Piss off!
- [Jimbob] They told me to piss off!
- [Hannibal] What? They didn't surrender?
- [Jimbob] No, and they were mean!
- [Narrator] Hannibal was learning
that Rome had an unprecedented attitude towards surrender.
Even when Hannibal offered to ransom thousands
of prisoners back to Rome,
a pretty common practice in ancient warfare,
the Romans refused, opting to let their own men be sold
into slavery rather than paying a penny to the enemy.
It was clear that in order to defeat Rome,
you had to annihilate them.
If any Roman man was still standing, you hadn't yet won.
But still, Hannibal decided not to march on Rome
and it was a controversial decision.
Even one of his own commanders famously told him,
"Hannibal, you know how to win a battle,
but you do not know how to win a war."
(soldiers laughing)
From Hannibal's perspective,
perhaps he knew his army was designed
to survive behind enemy lines and sow chaos.
It may not have been well equipped
to undertake a risky siege
of one of the most fortified cities on earth.
Plus with many of the southern cities defecting
to his side after Cannae,
Hannibal likely thought things were going pretty well as is.
- [Hannibal] We'll stay the course.
Okay, so the Romans didn't surrender
after three major defeats,
but surely they'll surrender after four.
(soldiers groaning)
- [Narrator] Unfortunately for Hannibal,
however, after Cannae,
the Romans well and truly learned their lesson.
- [Fabius Maximus] Well, would you look at that?
Remind me, who was it that said Hannibal
was too dangerous to fight?
- [Senator] You.
- [Fabius Maximus] And who said we shouldn't
fight him directly?
- [Senator] You.
- [Fabius Maximus] And who tried to fight him directly?
- [Senator] Us.
- [Fabius Maximus] And what happened?
- [Senator] We lost 20% of our military-aged men.
- [Fabius Maximus] That's right.
So tell me, when Hannibal approaches, what do we do?
- [Senator] We run away.
- [Fabius Maximus] I'm a genius.
Clap for me!
(senators clapping)
- [Narrator] After Cannae, Fabius Maximus kind of
became the unofficial leader of Rome.
Even if others were elected Consul,
his influence was unparalleled
and Rome quickly reverted
to the Fabian strategy of avoiding Hannibal.
They knew they couldn't defeat him,
so instead they hoped they could at least contain him.
They raised an impressively large number of men,
partly by enlisting teenagers, slaves, and criminals.
And rather than trying to fight Hannibal,
they instead turned their attention towards
those treacherous southern cities that had switched sides.
- [Hannibal] Thanks for joining the winning team, guys.
Here's the deal.
All you have to do is provide me some troops
and defend your own city,
since I'll be too busy to defend it for you.
Now, I'm going to briefly turn around, look this way,
and when I look back,
you better not be being massacred by the Rome...
Oh, for goodness sake!
- [Narrator] The Romans spread out
their newly-formed legions
and began attacking the southern cities here,
there, everywhere.
The southern cities expected to have Hannibal's protection
and Hannibal was inundated with requests for help.
He was forced to run around southern Italy,
trying to encourage defection,
while rescuing his own allies.
But when he showed up, the Romans would often leave,
only to come back the second he went away again.
And as these southern cities found
themselves being punished severely by the Romans,
they began to realize that joining Hannibal
may not have been such a good idea.
- [Hannibal] Hey, you think you're so big?
Attacking my allies!
Why don't you come out and face me?
- [Roman Soldier] Because you are scary.
- [Narrator] The fickle southern cities
frequently switched sides depending
on who appeared to be winning,
and the whole situation became a nightmare
for Hannibal to control,
playing a constant game of Roman whack-a-mole
to fend off the enemy armies.
Having not long ago seemed near extinction,
the Romans had managed to turn this situation around
by placing Hannibal in a clever predicament.
If he left Southern Italy,
the southern cities would likely capitulate to Rome,
meaning he couldn't leave.
And since the Romans wouldn't fight him,
he couldn't inflict any more dangerous defeats.
For now, Hannibal had been muzzled.
Southern Italy had been his prize
for his impressive Italian campaign,
but those clever Romans found a way
to take his prize and turn it into his prison.
With the Fabian strategy neutralizing Hannibal for now,
the Romans were freed up to refocus their attention
to other fronts.
This whole time while we've been discussing Hannibal
and the Italian campaign of the Second Punic War,
fighting had actually been occurring elsewhere.
For example, in 216 BC, the Romans had sent an army north
to punish the Celtic tribes that had joined Hannibal.
However, as the Romans entered the Litana Forest,
little did they know those clever Celts had set up a trap.
The Celts dropped trees on them, decimating the Romans,
and they even took the commander's head
to use as a religious sippy cup.
So that went pretty bad.
Whoa, very bad.
But thankfully in other theaters,
things were going a bit better.
For example, let's look at Sicily.
After Cannae, internal chaos in Syracuse caused
this longtime Roman ally to switch sides,
because being a winner is more fun.
The Carthaginians also landed troops,
hoping to retake their lost island,
while Roman proconsul, Claudius Marcellus, moved in
to besiege Syracuse.
The siege was a brutal slug for the Romans,
largely due to the presence of one famous scientist
and mathematician, Archimedes.
He lived in Syracuse at the time,
and he invented a variety of clever contraptions
to defend the city.
There was a giant claw that could grab
and destroy Roman ships
and purportedly even a big mirror
that could magically ignite them.
The Carthaginian forces on the island attempted
to come to Syracuse's rescue,
but luckily for the Romans,
they all got diarrhea and then died.
Finally, in the city itself,
the day of a big annual religious festival came
and the Syracusans said...
- [Syracusan General] Well, fellas,
we've been holding off the Romans for over a year now.
I think we've earned ourselves a little party.
(Syracusans cheering)
- [Carl] Sir, we're still under a massive siege.
Are you sure?
They'll probably take advantage of it.
- [Syracusan General] Well, Carl, I'm taking advantage
of the open bar.
- [Carl] Sir, they've got battering rams.
- [Syracusan General] Well, Carl, I'm ramming
these hor d'oeuvres into my mouth.
- [Carl] Sir, they'll tear down our walls.
- [Syracusan General] Well, Carl, I'm tearing it up
on the dance floor.
- [Carl] Sir, they're literally at the gates.
- [Syracusan General] Well, Carl, I am literally
at the cheese platter.
(people screaming)
- [Narrator] Marcellus took advantage
of the drunken festivities, stormed the city,
and plundering ensued.
In the chaos, Marcellus ordered Archimedes
be captured alive.
Some sources say Roman troops entered Archimedes' home
and they were like...
- [Roman Soldier] Hey, man, are you the math guy?
- [Archimedes] Go away. I'm drawing circles.
- [Roman Soldier] Look, I just need to know
if you're the nerd.
- [Archimedes] Come on, bro.
Get outta here. You're messing up my circles.
- [Roman Soldier] Now is not a good time to draw circles.
- [Archimedes] It's always a good time for circles.
I love circles.
- [Roman Soldier] Either stop drawing the circles
or I kill you.
- [Archimedes] I choose the circles.
(Archimedes screams)
(bell tolls)
- [Narrator] Despite not securing Archimedes,
by 210 BC, the Romans did secure Sicily
and also put down a Carthage-supported rebellion
on nearby Sardinia.
Two Roman successes.
And there were more to come.
After Cannae, King Philip the V of Macedon
saw an opportunity.
He was concerned with recent Roman expansion into Illyria,
and so, when he saw Hannibal annihilating the Romans
in Italy, he said...
- [King Philip] Oh my gosh.
Hey!
Hey, Hannibal.
Oh my gosh, you're so cool.
Let's form an alliance
and annihilate the Romans together.
- [Hannibal] Eh, sure.
- [King Philip] Yes.
Yippee!
(dolphin squeaking)
- [Narrator] Hannibal hoped to secure Philip's help
in fighting Rome,
but a Roman army was sent to the region,
stirred up Philip's other Greek opponents,
and essentially kept Philip bogged down in Greece
for the entire duration of the war.
Another, kind of, Roman success.
But the main front Rome was hoping
to push Carthage back in was Spain.
The riches of Spain made it one
of Carthage's most valuable possessions,
and the Romans were eager to weaken it.
Remember, way back at the start of the war,
the Consul Scipio was supposed to go to Spain,
but ended up rushing back to Italy
when he realized Hannibal was crossing the Alps.
He then faced Hannibal at Ticinus
and had to be rescued by his son.
Well, after he recovered from his wounds,
he proceeded with the original plan
and joined his brother in Spain.
There the two Scipio brothers fought a successful campaign
against Hannibal's brother, Hasdrubal.
Over the next few years, they won a number of key victories,
even taking Saguntum,
the city that had kickstarted this entire war.
Yet more Roman success.
A trend appeared to be emerging.
Whenever the Romans fought anyone other than Hannibal,
they usually came out on top.
Perhaps these other fronts would be the key
to Rome taking back control of this war.
Perhaps it was time for Rome to return to their old ways
of being the aggressive go-getters,
and perhaps it would help
if Rome had a Hannibal of their own.
(thunder roars) (dramatic music)
Scipio the Younger was the son
of Publius Scipio, currently fighting in Spain.
This made him a member
of one of Rome's most prestigious families.
Not much is known of his childhood,
although there is one story
of how he was getting hot and heavy with a young lady,
only to have his dad barge in
and drag him out, wearing nothing but a cloak.
This story was written by a Roman poet
to make Scipio look bad,
but by modern standards,
has ended up making him look pretty rad.
My guess is if Rome had a high-school football team,
Scipio would be the quarterback.
(upbeat rock music)
(people cheering)
Scipio was only 18 when the Second Punic War broke out.
He was at the Battle of Ticinus,
where he famously rescued his father,
and he was one of the survivors of the Battle of Cannae,
after which he threatened to cut down any man
who dared abandon Rome.
He was a natural leader and up to his ears in spunk.
And therefore, he rose
through the Roman ranks shockingly fast.
- [Roman 1] We need a new military Tribune,
but Hannibal has killed so many men.
We're running out of options.
- [Scipio The Younger] Put me in, coach!
- [Roman 1] Scipio? You're only 20.
You can't be a Tribune.
- [Scipio The Younger] Come on, coach.
Put me in.
- [Roman 1] Well, you do have a lot of spunk.
All right, you're hired.
(Scipio the Younger cheers)
We need to elect a new aedile.
Who do we have left?
- [Scipio The Younger] Put me in, coach!
- Scipio!
You don't meet the minimum age requirement.
- [Scipio The Younger] I got this, coach.
I got this.
- [Roman 1] Well, okay, then.
You're in!
(Scipio the Younger cheers)
- [Roman 1] Ugh, my room's a mess. I gotta cook dinner.
Oh, and would you look at that?
My fly's down. Life sucks.
- [Scipio The Younger] Put me in, coach.
- [Roman 1] Wow, you're so spunky.
- [Narrator] When Scipio was 25, however,
he received some bad news.
His father and uncle in Spain
had both been defeated in battle,
and shockingly both of them were killed.
The news must have been devastating for the young Scipio,
but it was also devastating for Rome
as almost all of their Spanish gains were wiped away.
- [Fabius Maximus] Okay, listen up.
We need someone to go and replace the Scipios in Spain.
So who's up for it?
(Romans murmuring)
Come on. Who's gonna go?
- [Roman 2] Fabius, Spain seems unwinnable.
There's no glory to be had there.
- [Roman 1] Yeah, the glory is here,
defending the homeland from Hannibal.
- [Fabius Maximus] Well, somebody has to go.
I said, well, somebody has to go!
- [Scipio The Younger] Put me in, coach!
- [Narrator] Scipio was eager to be the one
to go and replace his father and uncle in Spain.
However, there was concern amongst the older senators.
- [Fabius Maximus] You are only 26.
You can't lead a military campaign.
- [Senators] He's right.
Yeah, he's right.
That's a good point. Yeah.
- [Scipio The Younger] And you're 71,
you can't stand up
without a little urine dribbling down your leg.
- [Senators] That's a good point.
He's absolutely right.
- [Narrator] Scipio didn't meet the typical requirements
for the position, but as the only person willing to go,
this young piece of hot Roman meat
was unanimously elected proconsul
and sent to lead the Roman armies in Spain.
He hoped to carry out a campaign
as impressive as Hannibal's had been in Italy.
In fact, Scipio rather admired the one-eyed general.
- [Billy] Scipio, you've got a Hannibal poster in your room?
- [Scipio The Younger] Yes.
- [Billy] But he's the enemy.
- [Scipio The Younger] I'll let you in on a secret, Billy.
You know how we're gonna win this war?
- [Billy] By marching straight at the enemy?
- [Scipio The Younger] No, that's the old way.
We've gotta be less Roman and a little more Hannibal.
Hey, by the way, don't just barge into my room.
That's an infringement of my privacy.
- [Billy] Privacy.
Privacy, you say?
Well, Scipio, if it's privacy you want,
then you, my friend, need NordVPN!
- [Scipio The Younger] Don't touch me.
- [Narrator] How would you like
to be innocently downloading inspirational photos
of Nicholas Cage,
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www.dolce&banana.com?
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And as always, you'll be supporting my channel.
So thank you.
Now, where were we?
Oh yeah.
Hannibal contained,
a young piece of hot Roman meat sent
to lead the Roman armies in Spain.
(dramatic music)
Scipio was charismatic, extremely confident, bold,
and probably most importantly of all,
he thought differently from other Roman generals.
- [Billy] So, Skippy, what's the plan?
- [Scipio The Younger] Don't call me that.
- [Billy] We're Roman, so same thing
as usual, right?
We march straight at the enemy, right?
- [Scipio The Younger] Get this, Billy.
No, we don't.
- [Billy] What?
- [Narrator] Scipio was a real outside-the-box thinker.
There were three main Carthaginian armies in Spain,
two led by Hannibal's brothers, Hasdrubal and Mago,
and another led by Hasdrubal Gisco.
Most Roman generals might have looked at these armies
and said, "I just gotta, you know,
march straight at these guys and kick their ass and stuff."
But not Scipio.
At a time when many believed winning battles won wars,
one of Scipio's greatest strengths was an ability
to see the overall strategy behind his actions.
He knew that Spain was the closest thing Hannibal had
to a base of support.
With its mass resources and manpower,
it's where Hannibal likely hoped
to get supplies and reinforcements from.
Spain's base of support was the city of New Carthage,
the most fortified city on the peninsula,
perfectly positioned to communicate with
and receive supplies from Africa.
And so if Scipio managed to take New Carthage,
he could take Spain.
And if he took Spain,
then maybe Hannibal would fall.
To Scipio, Spain wasn't just some sideshow,
it was the main show
and it all rested on New Carthage.
But a surprise attack on Carthage's capital city in Spain?
It was a ridiculous idea.
Even if you pull off the seven-day forced march,
pass the Carthaginian armies to New Carthage,
once you get there,
you'd only have a couple weeks to take the city
before the Carthaginians arrived to kick your ass.
Sieges of cities that fortified usually took months,
if not years.
So Scipio, how are you gonna pull this off?
Well, first of all,
to make sure the surprise plan stayed hidden,
Scipio kept it a total secret, even from his own men.
- [Billy] Where are we going, Skippy?
- [Scipio The Younger] I'm not telling you.
- [Billy] Is it Disneyland?
- [Scipio The Younger] I'm not telling you.
- [Billy] I think that means we're going to Disneyland.
(soldiers giggling)
- [Narrator] This secrecy kept the Carthaginians
from preemptively reinforcing the city.
As a result, New Carthage was left undergarrisoned
because the Carthaginians believed it
to be kind of naturally impenetrable.
It was surrounded on three sides by a lagoon
and only accessible via narrow isthmus.
What's an isthmus, you ask?
Maybe read a book.
All right, Scipio, you made it to New Carthage.
Now the other Carthaginian armies are only a 10-days march
from coming and kicking your ass.
Just what were you thinking?
Well, Scipio had learned something crucial.
Every afternoon, the tides made the lagoon
around New Carthage briefly shallow enough to cross.
So he ordered a large diversionary attack
on the main city gates, distracting the city's defenders.
Then a small infiltration force traversed the lagoon,
climbed the unguarded northern walls, and entered the city.
They ambushed the guards
and opened the city gates to the rest of Scipio's army.
And just like that,
New Carthage had fallen
in a single day.
Scipio had taken Carthage's capital city in Spain,
and he made it look easy.
With it, he seized much of Carthage's war supplies,
several silver mines near the city,
and various powerful Iberian tribes even joined his side.
And now he was in a great position
to take on the other Carthaginian armies in Spain.
- [Billy] Wow, Skippy, you are amazing.
- [Scipio The Younger] Don't call me that.
- [Billy] How'd you know the lagoon would get shallow?
It's almost like you speak to the gods.
- [Farmer] No, I told him.
All the local farmers know about the-
- [Scipio The Younger] Yes! That's it.
I speak to the gods!
- [Billy] Wow! Wow!
- [Narrator] Scipio had no problem allowing his men
to think he was divinely inspired.
Roman writers also tell us another of Scipio's traits.
He was apparently quite merciful in victory
and often protected the inhabitants of captured cities.
- [Scipio The Younger] Spencer, what are you doing?
- [Spencer] Well, I was just about to murder this family.
- [Scipio The Younger] Hey, bad Spencer! No!
- [Spencer] Can I at least kill the dad?
- [Scipio The Younger] No.
- [Spencer] What about the- - [Scipio The Younger] No!
- [Spencer] Oh, you're mean.
- [Narrator] The Carthaginian generals
in the region must have been shocked
at the loss of their capital city.
There was now a terminator in Spain,
and he was coming.
In 208 BC, he made a move on Hasdrubal,
hoping to defeat him before the other Carthaginian armies
could come and link up.
When Hasdrubal heard Scipio was coming, he said...
(Hasdrubal screams)
Hasdrubal did this sensible thing
and climbed a big hill for safety.
- [Scipio The Younger] Hey, get down here.
I want to kill you!
- [Hasdrubal] Fat chance, Vin Diesel.
- [Scipio The Younger] Well, he doesn't have to be rude.
- [Billy] So what's the plan then, Scipio?
This time we march straight up and at 'em, right?
Right, Scipio?
- [Scipio The Younger] Billy, no.
- [Billy] What?
- [Narrator] Scipio once again displayed
a distinctly not-Roman approach to fighting.
When, instead of marching straight up and at 'em,
Scipio feigned a frontal skirmish,
only to pull off a surprise uphill envelopment.
Not an easy thing to do,
but Scipio had trained his army to pull off maneuvers
that typical Roman armies couldn't.
After the battle, the defeated Hasdrubal fled Spain,
hoping to link up with his brother Hannibal in Italy.
And Hannibal desperately needed the help.
(tense music)
As Scipio was dominating in Spain,
Hannibal's struggles in Southern Italy continued.
He was convinced that
if he just received ample supplies and reinforcements,
he could reverse his fortunes
and get back to kicking Rome's ass.
But for the remainder of the war,
he would suffer a frustrating lack of support
from the Carthaginian senate.
After Cannae, Hannibal had sent his brother, Mago,
to Carthage, where he famously poured out golden rings
taken from fallen Roman knights.
He told the Senate that, with reinforcements,
Hannibal could finish the job.
But a growing faction in the Senate,
possibly jealous of Hannibal's rising influence,
opposed sending any help.
In the end, a large number of the reinforcements gathered
for Hannibal now ended up being diverted
to stop Scipio in Spain.
Just as he had hoped, Scipio's campaign in Spain
was actively harming Hannibal in Italy.
However, those reinforcements meant
that when Scipio made a move
on the remaining Carthaginian armies in Spain,
they now likely outnumbered him.
With the odds heavily stacked against him,
it would take some serious skill to win this battle.
- [Billy] This time we're gonna march straight
at them, right?
- [Scipio The Younger] No, Billy.
- [Billy] What?
- [Narrator] The preceding Battle of Ilipa
is often considered Scipio's masterpiece
because it was positively oozing
with deception and trickery.
First, both sides spent several days forming up
and facing off without actually fighting.
On each day,
Scipio placed his strongest Roman legions in the center,
with his weaker Iberian allies on the sides.
Seeing this, the Carthaginians were like...
- [Carthaginian General] This guy's an idiot!
We've seen his plan.
His strongest troops are going to be in the center,
so let's form all of our battle plans based
on this information.
I'm sure he won't change anything at the last minute.
- [Narrator] Then when the day of battle came,
Scipio woke up the Carthaginians
with an early morning attack,
causing them to rush out of camp without breakfast.
When the Carthaginians lined up
with their strongest troops in the center to meet Scipio's,
they were stunned to find
that Scipio had completely reversed his order.
The weaker Carthaginian sides
now found Scipio's strongest bearing down on them.
Then, in an extremely impressive maneuver,
the well-trained Roman wings even stretched out
during their approach,
hitting the Carthaginians from the sides.
The Carthaginian center could have turned to help,
but Scipio had ordered his center to approach so slowly
that Carthage's center could do nothing
but just stand and wait.
In this way, the outnumbered Scipio
had cleverly controlled events
so that the bulk of the strongest Carthaginian troops
couldn't even fight during the battle.
He had completely removed them from the equation.
The incredible Scipio had inflicted a monumental defeat
on a much larger enemy force.
And the Battle of Ilipa was the final nail in the coffin
for Carthaginian Spain.
Yet more tribes people continued to side with the Romans,
and the remaining Carthaginians retreated to the coast
and eventually fled the peninsula.
And would you look at that?
In just a few years,
the incredible young Scipio had turned Spain completely red.
The Carthaginians must have been stunned.
His Spanish campaign had almost been
as impressive as Hannibal's campaign in Italy.
In fact, see if any of this sounds familiar.
In Spain, Scipio had used the environment
of the battlefield to his advantage.
He staged ambushes by concealed troops.
He treated local tribes people well,
earning their friendship.
He even once forced his enemy to come out
and fight him without breakfast.
Each and every one of these tactics were possibly borrowed
from a certain one-eyed general.
In all the battles Scipio had fought against Hannibal,
it seemed he may have been taking notes.
- [Hannibal] Hey, Scipio!
- [Scipio The Younger] What?
- [Hannibal] Stop stealing my tactics!
- [Scipio The Younger] I'm 700 miles away. I can't hear you.
- [Hannibal] What did you say?
- [Scipio The Younger] What?
- [Hannibal] What?
- [Narrator] Better yet, Scipio's achievement
in taking a well-fortified city,
plus his understanding of the overall strategy,
has led some historians
to argue he wasn't just as good as Hannibal,
Scipio may actually have been better.
This young man, who many in Rome had doubted,
had just shut those Silly Billies right the flip up.
Mere years ago, it looked like Rome had no chance
of even surviving this war.
But now the momentum of war was shifting astonishingly fast.
And for Hannibal in Italy, things continued to head south.
Before Scipio had even gone to Spain,
the Romans had placed Capua,
Hannibal's largest city in Italy, under a dangerous siege.
And in order to rescue it,
Hannibal needed to take drastic action fast.
- [Hannibal] Man, everything's falling apart.
Ugh, fine.
I'll do it.
- [Soldier] Do what?
- [Hannibal] Yeah, yeah. You've convinced me.
I'll march on Rome.
- [Soldier] Hannibal, that conversation was five years ago.
It's too late.
No one's trying to convince you to march on Rome.
- [Hannibal] I said, I'll do it!
Quit nagging me. Ugh.
- [Narrator] Hannibal finally marched on Rome,
hoping it might draw the Romans away from Capua.
The Romans saw Hannibal approaching their city
and they freaked the hell out.
Hannibal is said to have closely approached the city walls,
inspecting the defenses,
as the Romans inside quivered in their togas.
However, Hannibal probably knew he had no chance
of taking the city.
The whole thing was a feint, and Hannibal soon left.
The Romans famously coined the phrase,
"Hannibal is at the gates,"
to describe a moment of crisis or severe desperation.
But for accuracy's sake,
the phrase should probably be, "Hannibal is at the gates.
But don't worry, it's just a feint
to draw the Romans away from Capua.
And it didn't even work because the Romans stayed at Capua
and the Capuans misunderstood
and thought Hannibal had abandoned them,
and so they surrendered the city."
But apparently that's not as catchy.
Despite a few successes,
including an ambush in 208 BC
where Hannibal managed to kill both Consuls in one go,
Hannibal was slowly
but steadily losing his grip on Southern Italy.
Even Hasdrubal, who had fled Spain to join Hannibal,
never reached his brother.
He made his own dramatic crossing of the Alps,
just as Hannibal had done.
But unlike Hannibal, the second Hasdrubal arrived in Italy,
he was immediately pulverized.
The Romans then took his head
and threw it over the walls into his brother's camp.
Hannibal was becoming extremely isolated.
After his impressive conquest of Spain,
Scipio returned to Rome a hero.
And when the election came for next year's Consuls,
despite not meeting the typical requirements,
Scipio won in a landslide.
But the question now was, what would he do next?
- [Fabius Maximus] All right, what's your plan then, Scipio?
You're gonna go fight Hannibal now, right?
- [Scipio The Younger] Get this, Fabius.
No.
- [Senators] What?
- [Narrator] Scipio's plan remained the same as before.
Don't attack the monster directly,
attack his base of support.
- [Hannibal] Oof.
- [Narrator] Which now happened to be Carthage itself.
That's right. Scipio would invade Africa.
However, Scipio understood that any invasion of Africa
would stand a much better chance
if he could secure an alliance
with one of the African tribes.
Throughout the war,
Carthage's far superior Numidian cavalry,
which came from this part of Africa,
had played a critical role in winning battles.
Numidia was divided between two rival kings.
In the east, the king, Syphax,
had sympathized with Rome for much of the war.
And so at some point, Scipio visited Syphax
to ratify at treaty.
It just so happened, however,
that the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal Gisco,
whom Scipio had fought in Spain,
also arrived at the exact same time.
And so Syphax invited both Scipio and Gisco for a meal.
The two men fought for Syphax's alliance.
And by Roman accounts, Scipio was positively charming.
- [Scipio The Younger] Come on, Syphax,
stick with us Romans.
We'll build a naked statue of you.
- [Syphax] Very enticing.
- [Gisco] If you join our side, Syphax,
we'll give you a 2% discount on figs.
You like figs, don't you?
- [Syphax] Not really.
- [Scipio The Younger] Hey, Syphax.
Check this out.
- [Syphax] Wow!
- [Gisco] Hey, Syphax. Check this out.
(body thuds)
(plates clattering)
(Gisco farts)
- [Syphax] Did he just defecate?
- [Scipio The Younger] I believe he did.
- [Syphax] Well, Scipio,
you clearly are the most charming man in the Mediterranean.
My alliance is...
- [Gisco] Syphax, I'll let you marry
my extremely hot daughter.
- [Syphax] Yours!
Humminah humminah!
- [Narrator] Unable to compete with Syphax's libido,
Scipio instead, made contact with Syphax's rival,
the other Numidian king, Masinissa,
who was a longtime ally of Carthage.
Scipio told Masinissa...
- [Scipio The Younger] If you join the Romans,
I'll help you defeat Syphax
and become the ultimate Numidian king.
- [Narrator] And so Masinissa was now on Team Rome.
Good job, Skippy.
With a Numidian alliance solidified,
Scipio prepared for his invasion of Africa.
He raised a volunteer force
that included many of the disgraced survivors from Cannae.
And he set sail.
- [Syphax] Well, Terry, any news from Italy?
Has Hannibal won the war yet?
Who on earth?
- [Scipio The Younger] Here's Skippy!
- [Terry] Oh my God!
- [Narrator] The Roman landing sent a clear message
to the Carthaginians.
You don't invade us.
No, no.
We invade you.
For the first time in the war,
the Carthaginian homeland was under threat,
and the Carthaginians needed to defeat Scipio at all costs.
They gathered a huge army led by Hasdrubal Gisco,
with allied Numidians led by Syphax,
and they ordered them to get Scipio
the hell off their continent.
Sources say at this point, Scipio was severely outnumbered.
- [Billy] Scipio, that army's huge!
There's no way we can beat off all these men.
How are we gonna beat off all these men?
- [Scipio The Younger] Vigorously!
And while maintaining eye contact.
- [Narrator] As always, Scipio had a plan to deal
with the larger enemy force.
It just so happened that Syphax was offering
to try and broker peace
between the Romans and the Carthaginians.
And Scipio smelled an opportunity.
He sent a Roman envoy to Syphax's camp.
And when they got there, Syphax was like...
- [Syphax] Hey, guys, welcome to the enemy camp.
Just before we begin negotiations,
a small safety demonstration.
As you can see, our huts are made
of grass and reeds, very flammable.
If there was even a single spark,
this whole place would become a inferno
and all my men would burn alive.
- [Billy] Very interesting.
- [Narrator] The Roman troops then reported back
to Scipio about the Numidian camp, its construction,
and, most importantly, its flammability.
Then, the following night,
as the sun was setting over the beautiful African plains
and the Carthaginians got all comfy in their beds,
they began to gently dream of Carthaginian figs
and child sacrifice.
Goodnight, Carthaginians.
Goodnight, Syphax and Gisco.
Good evening, Scipio.
In the night shadowy Roman figures
approached the Numidian camp.
As the Numidians lay in their beds,
Scipio executed his plan.
(fire whooshing)
The camp erupted into flames.
With the flammable wooden huts,
the fires spread terrifyingly fast.
Men were burned in their beds.
Those who awoke in a panic believing the fire
to have been some kind of terrible accident,
rushed to the exits without their weapons and armor.
Those who saw the fire from the Carthaginian camp
also rushed out unarmed.
And when they got there, there he was,
Scipio, the Romans, and their steel.
(dramatic music)
The terrified Carthaginians were massacred.
And with heavy casualties,
Hasdrubal and Syphax fled the scene of the disaster.
Scipio followed this incredible success
with another victory against the pair
at the Battle of the Great Plains.
After that, Masinissa chased his rival Syphax
into his kingdom where Syphax was captured.
Masinissa was now the ultimate Numidian king.
He entered Syphax's capital city.
He seized Syphax's palace.
He even married Syphax's wife.
And when Scipio got mad at him
for marrying a Carthaginian girl,
he then poisoned his wife.
Boys will be boys.
Having defeated the Carthaginian armies in Africa,
almost nothing now stood between Scipio and Carthage.
And the Carthaginians were freaking out.
- [Carthaginian] What do we do? What do we do?
- [Carthaginian General] There's only one thing left to do.
Recall him.
- [Gerald] Well, Hannibal, you've been here in Italy
for 16 years.
This is practically your home.
You're basically Italian.
- [Hannibal] Yes, Gerald.
And I've had such a lovely time.
I ate spaghetti,
did-a this-a with-a my hands.
I've committed my whole life to this campaign.
And once Rome has fallen, it'll all have been worth it.
- [Carthaginian] Hannibal, you have to return to Carthage.
Your Italian campaign has been for nothing.
Your whole life has been a waste.
- [Hannibal] No!
- [Narrator] Imagine being Hannibal in this moment.
You left Carthage when you were nine.
You probably barely even recognize your own homeland.
The kingdom he had built in Spain with his father, gone.
And now his Italian campaign,
his vengeance, was it really all for nothing?
(melancholy music)
But that was that.
Carthage was under threat,
and Hannibal had to protect his home city.
As he left Italy, in Rome there was celebration,
but also some trepidation.
Now Scipio would have to face Hannibal in Africa,
where Hannibal would have home advantage.
While Hannibal was on his way,
the Carthaginians stalled for time
and approached Scipio for peace talks.
- [Carthaginian General] Hey, look, we never meant
to start an all-out two-decade-long war.
- [Scipio The Younger] But you did.
- [Carthaginian General] No, that was Hannibal.
He's to blame for all of this.
- [Scipio The Younger] Well, all right then.
Sign this peace treaty.
- [Carthaginian General] Okay.
Let me just get my signature right on there.
- [Carthaginian] He's here!
- [Carthaginian General] Yes.
Oh, look who's here, you bald prick!
You are so dead now, Skippy!
- [Scipio The Younger] Don't call me that!
- [Narrator] After Carthage proposed peace,
only to then go back on it,
the normally merciful Scipio was enraged.
He began refusing to accept towns' surrender,
and instead began burning everything to the ground,
selling everyone into slavery.
- [Carthaginian] Hannibal, he's burning our towns.
Go stop him.
- [Hannibal] Guys, he's obviously trying
to lure me out there to fight on those flat plains
where his Numidian cavalry will give him the advantage.
It's a trick.
- [Carthaginian] Well, it's working.
Go and fight him.
- [Hannibal] It's obviously a trap.
- [Carthaginian] And we're falling for it.
Go and fight him!
- [Narrator] Hannibal set out
to meet Scipio in the Western Plains.
And here came Scipio's final test.
Finally, the teacher would face the student,
the two greatest generals of all time
in one last decisive battle.
Would Hannibal's genius still shine through?
Or would Scipio prove
that he had surpassed the master?
Before battle, the two great generals rode out
from their camps and met in person for the first time.
- [Scipio The Younger] Hannibal, I'm a huge fan.
- [Hannibal] I thought you'd have more hair.
- [Scipio The Younger] And I thought you'd have more eyes.
- [Hannibal] Touche.
- [Narrator] They then had a conversation,
which I'll paraphrase.
Hannibal said, "At the start of this war,
I had great fortune in Italy.
But look at me now,
a sad old man who, like other sad old men,
failed to conquer Rome.
Your fortune can change rapidly, Scipio.
You should consider negotiating a peace,
rather than risking it all in one last fight against me."
Very eloquently put.
Scipio then replied, "(bleeps) you!
Negotiate? Negotiate what?
I took Spain.
I'm about to burn your pathetic city to the ground.
What could you offer me in negotiations?
I already have it all.
Ah!
Seriously though, Hannibal,
I am such a big fan."
And so it was settled.
The two great generals would face off one last time
in the epic Battle of Zama.
Scipio gave his men,
consisting of many survivors from Cannae,
a pre-battle speech,
telling them not only would they gain redemption,
but they could become masters of the world.
Hannibal told his men probably nothing
because most of them didn't even speak the same language.
As the two armies lined up for battle,
something interesting became clear.
Hannibal had more infantry
and hoped to use them to brute strength the Romans.
But Scipio had the nimble Numidian cavalry
and hoped to pull off an envelopment.
It was a complete roll reversal of Cannae.
As the battle began, Hannibal made his first move.
He sent his 80 war elephants
to smash through and weaken the Roman infantry.
Scipio had the perfect response.
He had altered his formation
to create passages between the Roman maniples.
His light troops stepped aside at the right moment,
revealing the gaps ahead of the charging elephants.
Elephants, if given the choice
between a suicide charge into spears
or a nice clean escape,
will probably choose the escape.
And that's what happened.
Some elephants were so frightened from the noise
that they even turned
and smashed back into the Carthaginian cavalry,
which the Roman cavalry then engaged.
Your move, Hannibal.
Hannibal wasn't an idiot.
He knew that he was fighting superior Numidian cavalry
on open plains.
So when his weaker cavalry ended up being routed
from the battlefield, he probably wasn't surprised
and hoped the Roman cavalry would be lured
as far from the battlefield as possible
because his infantry needed time to do a clever little job.
Hannibal had the numerical advantage,
and he had positioned his army in three lines.
The weaker troops were at the front while his best men,
the army that had been with him in Italy, were in the rear.
As the Romans smashed into the weaker front lines,
they managed to cut through them,
but suffered losses and exhaustion in doing so.
The same with Hannibal's second line,
so that by the time
the Romans reached Hannibal's superior third line,
the two sides may have now been about equal in number.
But the exhausted Romans
had just fought an entire battle to get there
while the remaining Carthaginians were fresh
and ready to go.
Hannibal was still a genius.
And this is where the final race began.
Could Hannibal's stronger infantry finish off the Romans
before the Roman cavalry returned from their pursuit?
Who would be quicker,
the Carthaginian infantry or the Roman cavalry?
The answer:
the cavalry.
They had called off their pursuit just in time
to turn around and hit Hannibal from the rear.
And that was the deciding move.
As the sandwiched Carthaginians were hacked to pieces,
Hannibal knew he had lost and he escaped the battlefield.
It was a battle that some historians say
was well fought on both sides.
Both showed their genius,
but fortune fell in the favor of Scipio.
With just a few thousand Roman casualties
compared to 40,000 Carthaginians,
Scipio had won.
(ominous music)
Hannibal advised the Carthaginian senate
that it was time to surrender.
17 years of war finally over.
The terms Rome placed on Carthage were harsh.
They lost territory
and were prohibited from starting any more wars with anyone
without Rome's explicit permission.
Carthage basically became a weak Roman client state.
And what of these two military geniuses?
Well, Scipio returned to Rome triumphant.
For his victory in Africa,
he was given the title Scipio Africanus.
He had delivered Rome from an existential threat.
And so from here on out,
he was primed to dominate Roman politics.
He was even offered to become Consul for Life,
but he humbly refused.
Politics being what it is however, jealousy eventually grew.
Scipio and his family ended up battling accusations
of corruption and Scipio,
possibly becoming tired of Roman politics,
retired to a nice country house by the coast.
Hannibal also took a leading role
in Carthaginian politics after the war.
But again, due to jealousy, factionalism,
and a possibility of arrest by the Romans,
he eventually entered exile.
He spent the remainder of his years out east,
even advising enemies of Rome.
Rome's hatred of Hannibal endured
and they never stopped hoping
to someday capture the monster.
One story is told of how,
when a much older Hannibal was chilling
in the city of Ephesus,
a Roman delegation was sent to the city.
And in that delegation was Scipio Africanus.
The two men met for the second time,
and they seem to have gotten along quite well.
Scipio asked Hannibal
who he thought the three greatest generals of all time were.
Hannibal placed Alexander the Great in number one,
Pyrrhus of Epirus in number two,
and in third place, himself.
Scipio then asked,
"And what if you had defeated me at Zama?"
"Well, Scipio, then I would have been the greatest general
of all time."
- [Scipio The Younger] Please, call me Skippy.
(generals giggling)
- [Narrator] Eventually around 183 BC,
Hannibal, now in his 60s,
came under threat of Roman capture.
After a long life, he chose to take some poison.
According to Livy, his last words,
"Let us now relieve the Romans of the anxiety
they have so long experienced
since they think it tries their patience too much
to wait for an old man's death."
- [Servant] Wow, Hannibal, what a dignified end.
Gross.
- [Narrator] And there you have it.
The Second Punic War, finally done.
It took 17 years to end the war.
And on a personal note,
making these videos has also taken 17 years off my life.
Carthage began to recover from the war shockingly fast,
however, and anxieties over Carthage would remain in Rome.
In particular, one Senator would begin calling
for one last crusade against Carthage
to end the threat once and for all.
He famously began to end all of his speeches
with one singular phrase,
one of the most famous phrases in Roman history.
(dramatic music)