1 00:00:06,068 --> 00:00:11,820 Today there are more than 1.5 billion Muslims living across the globe with Muslim majority 2 00:00:11,820 --> 00:00:14,809 countries spreading from Morocco to Indonesia. 3 00:00:14,808 --> 00:00:22,169 But just like virtually all other religions, Islam is not united and has branches interpreting 4 00:00:22,170 --> 00:00:28,599 Quran and matters related to political events in the history of Islam in a different way. 5 00:00:28,599 --> 00:00:36,049 The two main denominations of Islam are Sunnism and Shiism with Sunnis making up 85-90% of 6 00:00:36,049 --> 00:00:38,039 the Muslim population. 7 00:00:38,039 --> 00:00:40,738 But how did the split in the Muslim world happened? 8 00:00:40,738 --> 00:00:46,038 In today’s video we are going to talk about the schism in Islam, emergence of Sunni and 9 00:00:46,039 --> 00:00:50,140 Shia Islam and the effects it had on the Caliphate and beyond. 10 00:00:51,023 --> 00:00:56,114 We need to start our story with Ali ibn Abi Talib, one of the most important persons in 11 00:00:56,113 --> 00:00:58,012 the history of Islam. 12 00:00:58,012 --> 00:01:03,432 Ali was born in Mecca in the powerful Hashimi clan and was a cousin of the Muslim Prophet 13 00:01:03,432 --> 00:01:04,432 Muhammad. 14 00:01:04,433 --> 00:01:09,842 They had a strong bond, as Ali’s father had raised Muhammad when he became orphaned 15 00:01:09,841 --> 00:01:13,313 and later Ali would live in Muhammad’s household. 16 00:01:13,313 --> 00:01:19,022 When in 610 AD Muhammad proclaimed his prophethood, Ali was one of the first persons to accept 17 00:01:19,022 --> 00:01:22,393 Islam and recognize Muhammad as the prophet. 18 00:01:22,393 --> 00:01:28,251 But Muhammad’s proselytizing was not initially popular among the polytheistic Meccans and 19 00:01:28,251 --> 00:01:31,182 he and the early Muslims had been oppressed. 20 00:01:31,183 --> 00:01:36,092 The rumours of a plot against Muhammad were spreading, forcing him to leave Mecca for 21 00:01:36,091 --> 00:01:43,013 Medina with majority of his followers in 622, which was called Hijra - the migration - an 22 00:01:43,013 --> 00:01:49,153 event so momentous that the new Islamic calendar starts with that day. 23 00:01:49,153 --> 00:01:53,513 Initially Ali stayed behind to return people the possessions they had entrusted upon the 24 00:01:53,513 --> 00:02:00,332 Prophet for safekeeping, but very soon he joined other Muslims in Medina and in 623 25 00:02:00,332 --> 00:02:05,292 married Muhammad’s daughter Fatimah Zahra, becoming one of the most trusted companions 26 00:02:05,293 --> 00:02:06,883 of Muhammad. 27 00:02:06,882 --> 00:02:11,442 Known in the Muslim community for wisdom and fairness, he earned the nickname Asad Allah 28 00:02:11,442 --> 00:02:17,122 - the Lion of God - for his military exploits and courage on the battlefield. 29 00:02:17,122 --> 00:02:23,913 By 631 the Islamic community - the Ummah - had been able to assert control over Mecca and 30 00:02:23,913 --> 00:02:29,673 large swathes of the Arabian Peninsula and was already a formidable force, but who was 31 00:02:29,673 --> 00:02:32,722 going to succeed aging Muhammad? 32 00:02:32,722 --> 00:02:36,093 And this is the root of the split in Islam. 33 00:02:36,092 --> 00:02:41,971 As one would expect Sunni and Shia sources offer different interpretations. 34 00:02:41,972 --> 00:02:48,043 On the way back from his last pilgrimage Muhammad made a sermon at the Ghadir Khumm oasis, took 35 00:02:48,043 --> 00:02:55,533 Ali by his hand and proclaimed that "Anyone who has me as his Mawla , has Ali as his Mawla". 36 00:02:55,532 --> 00:03:00,961 Shia theology believes that in Ghadir Khumm the Prophet designated Ali as his successor 37 00:03:00,961 --> 00:03:07,001 by calling him Mawla - a polysemous Arabic word with several meanings, one of which is 38 00:03:07,002 --> 00:03:09,263 leader or master. 39 00:03:09,263 --> 00:03:14,703 Sunnis believe that the Ghadir Khumm episode was merely a proclamation of affinity of the 40 00:03:14,703 --> 00:03:20,563 Prophet to his loyal companion and son-in-law and interpret the word Mawla using its second 41 00:03:20,562 --> 00:03:23,272 definition - a friend. 42 00:03:23,272 --> 00:03:28,242 Another important episode in the succession dispute between the Sunni and Shia theologies 43 00:03:28,242 --> 00:03:32,432 is connected to the so-called Pen and Paper episode. 44 00:03:32,432 --> 00:03:38,263 This is considered a genuine hadith, as both Sunni and Shia theologians accept it, but 45 00:03:38,263 --> 00:03:39,783 interpret differently. 46 00:03:39,782 --> 00:03:45,882 In Islam, a hadith is a story on the life of Muhammad with religious and legal messages 47 00:03:45,883 --> 00:03:51,753 for the Muslim community, and according to this one, a few days before his death, Muhammad 48 00:03:51,752 --> 00:03:56,942 asked his companions to bring him pen and paper so that he could write a statement in 49 00:03:56,943 --> 00:04:00,683 order to prevent the Ummah from going astray after his death. 50 00:04:00,682 --> 00:04:06,513 But one of Muhammad’s closest companions Umar said: “The Prophet is seriously ill, 51 00:04:06,513 --> 00:04:11,212 and we have got Allah’s Book with us and that is sufficient for us”. 52 00:04:11,212 --> 00:04:16,082 This led to a loud dispute in the room in the presence of Muhammad, who got unhappy 53 00:04:16,083 --> 00:04:18,143 and called everyone to leave. 54 00:04:18,142 --> 00:04:21,822 It is still unclear what the prophet wanted to write. 55 00:04:21,822 --> 00:04:26,432 Shias claim that he intended to designate Ali as his successor, but there is no way 56 00:04:26,432 --> 00:04:28,502 to determine this. 57 00:04:28,502 --> 00:04:34,192 According to Sunnis, the Prophet did not explicitly designate a successor and left it for the 58 00:04:34,192 --> 00:04:36,752 Islamic community to decide. 59 00:04:36,752 --> 00:04:41,793 There are other events which Sunnis and Shia base their claims on regarding the succession, 60 00:04:41,793 --> 00:04:47,663 but in short following Muhammad’s death in 632, the Ummah did not have a consensus 61 00:04:47,663 --> 00:04:49,793 on a new leader. 62 00:04:49,793 --> 00:04:54,372 While Ali took charge of the arrangements of the funeral, a meeting to decide the successor 63 00:04:54,372 --> 00:04:56,403 took place in Medina. 64 00:04:56,403 --> 00:05:01,983 Ali and two other prominent companions of the Prophet Abu Bakr and Umar were not present 65 00:05:01,983 --> 00:05:04,992 and deliberations took place without them. 66 00:05:04,992 --> 00:05:10,783 In fact majority of those present were the Muslims residing in Medina, who welcomed Muhammad 67 00:05:10,783 --> 00:05:15,932 or were converted later, while very few of those who went on a Hijra from Mecca to Medina 68 00:05:15,932 --> 00:05:17,452 with Muhammad were there. 69 00:05:17,452 --> 00:05:23,282 Abu Bakr and Umar rushed to the meeting and took charge of the process in Ali’s absence. 70 00:05:23,283 --> 00:05:28,153 The latter was one of the first converts to Islam, Muhammad’s father-in-law through 71 00:05:28,153 --> 00:05:30,103 his daughter Aisha. 72 00:05:30,103 --> 00:05:35,682 Deeply respected by modern Sunnis, he was very rich and contributed a lot to the cause 73 00:05:35,682 --> 00:05:40,312 of Islam, and arguably one of the main contenders to leadership. 74 00:05:40,312 --> 00:05:45,533 Umar was also a close companion of Muhammad, also his father-in-law through his daughter 75 00:05:45,533 --> 00:05:49,182 Hafsa, known for his zealous protection of the Prophet. 76 00:05:49,182 --> 00:05:55,122 He is known as a just, intelligent and wise person in the Sunni tradition. 77 00:05:55,122 --> 00:06:00,973 After a heated debate, Umar was able to persuade those present to choose Abu Bakr as the successor 78 00:06:00,973 --> 00:06:04,533 - the Caliph, a ruler of the Muslim Ummah. 79 00:06:04,533 --> 00:06:10,083 Ali was later presented with the fact of succession and along with a number of other companions 80 00:06:10,083 --> 00:06:14,913 initially refused to accept the decision, as it was taken without him, while he was 81 00:06:14,913 --> 00:06:17,151 one of the strongest candidates. 82 00:06:17,151 --> 00:06:22,492 Umar embarked on the process of persuading or forcing the companions to offer fealty 83 00:06:22,492 --> 00:06:24,052 to Abu Bakr. 84 00:06:24,052 --> 00:06:27,523 He personally came to Ali’s house to persuade him. 85 00:06:27,523 --> 00:06:32,563 The events which followed have been the subject of much dispute, as the Sunnis believe that 86 00:06:32,562 --> 00:06:38,051 Umar was able to peacefully persuade Ali to recognize Abu Bakr’s Caliphate. 87 00:06:38,052 --> 00:06:43,473 According to Shia sources, Umar forced Ali to concede by breaking into the house, slamming 88 00:06:43,473 --> 00:06:49,323 the door, which broke Ali’s wife Fatimah Zahrah ribs, eventually leading to miscarriage 89 00:06:49,322 --> 00:06:50,632 of their child. 90 00:06:50,632 --> 00:06:54,492 Ali himself was tied with a rope to force his allegiance. 91 00:06:54,492 --> 00:07:00,432 It is impossible to verify what really happened, but eventually Ali accepted Abu Bakr and his 92 00:07:00,432 --> 00:07:04,872 successor Umar as caliphs and retired from public life. 93 00:07:04,872 --> 00:07:07,901 He was often consulted in matters of state. 94 00:07:07,901 --> 00:07:13,473 Ali accepted the selection of Umar as caliph and even gave one of his daughters, Umm Kulthūm, 95 00:07:13,473 --> 00:07:15,723 to him in marriage. 96 00:07:15,723 --> 00:07:22,163 After the death of Umar in 644, Ali was considered for the position, but eventually another companion 97 00:07:22,163 --> 00:07:26,473 of Muhammad, Uthman of the Banu Umayyah clan, became the new caliph. 98 00:07:26,473 --> 00:07:32,943 Again, Ali recognized the new caliph, but very soon discontent in the Caliphate grew. 99 00:07:32,942 --> 00:07:37,632 Again the sources do not agree on the reasons, but many claimed that Uthman’s nepotism 100 00:07:37,632 --> 00:07:43,622 and leniency towards tribal rivalries was the cause of the opposition against him. 101 00:07:43,622 --> 00:07:49,103 Rebels offered to support Ali as an alternative to Uthman, but Ali refused and even sent his 102 00:07:49,103 --> 00:07:54,923 sons Hassan and Husain to protect Uthman’s house, where eventually despite all the protection 103 00:07:54,923 --> 00:08:00,552 Uthman was assassinated by rebels from Egypt in 656. 104 00:08:00,552 --> 00:08:05,312 Finally Ali’s turn to become a caliph came and he became the fourth and the last of the 105 00:08:05,312 --> 00:08:06,632 Rashidun Caliphs. 106 00:08:06,632 --> 00:08:13,062 But his election was not smooth and he became a caliph amidst very tumultuous times. 107 00:08:13,062 --> 00:08:18,163 The Prophet’s wife Aisha and Uthman’s relatives from the Banu Umayyah clan, including 108 00:08:18,163 --> 00:08:23,802 the governor of Syria Muawiya demanded Ali to punish the plotters of Uthman’s death, 109 00:08:23,802 --> 00:08:29,052 but since some of them were Ali’s supporters, the new caliph rejected and soon the First 110 00:08:29,052 --> 00:08:32,842 Muslim Civil War, called Fitna started. 111 00:08:32,842 --> 00:08:39,002 In December 656, Ali’s army defeated the rebels at the Battle of Camel near Basra, 112 00:08:39,003 --> 00:08:45,003 but Muawiya still refused to accept Ali as a new caliph and the anti-Ali opposition gathered 113 00:08:45,003 --> 00:08:46,413 around him. 114 00:08:46,413 --> 00:08:51,552 Ali was willing to not repeat Uthman’s mistakes and carried out measures to centralize the 115 00:08:51,552 --> 00:08:55,052 caliphate and decrease the power of governors. 116 00:08:55,052 --> 00:09:00,413 The two men assembled their armies and confronted each other at Siffin, on the Euphrates, in 117 00:09:00,413 --> 00:09:01,413 657. 118 00:09:01,413 --> 00:09:07,373 Neither side was keen to commit to a major battle, but after three months of occasional 119 00:09:07,373 --> 00:09:12,543 skirmishes, when serious fighting finally broke out, Muawiya’s followers called for 120 00:09:12,543 --> 00:09:17,512 an arbitration, apparently after riding out with copies of the Quran on their lances to 121 00:09:17,511 --> 00:09:19,832 bring the conflict to a stop. 122 00:09:19,832 --> 00:09:25,822 Ali was forced to agree, but some of his followers objected and abandoned him; they became known 123 00:09:25,822 --> 00:09:32,393 as kharijis, from the Arabic verb kharaja to leave because they left Ali’s army. 124 00:09:32,393 --> 00:09:39,233 According to the arbitration, which took place at Adhruh in 658 or 659, it was ruled that 125 00:09:39,232 --> 00:09:44,322 both Ali and Muawiya should relinquish their claims and the Muslim Ummah should have a 126 00:09:44,322 --> 00:09:47,033 chance to choose their own ruler. 127 00:09:47,033 --> 00:09:52,423 Ali rejected this ruling and the stalemate continued as Muawiya’s supporters proclaimed 128 00:09:52,423 --> 00:09:55,982 him a caliph in Damascus in 660. 129 00:09:55,982 --> 00:10:01,192 The following year Ali was assassinated by the Kharijis while praying in the mosque at 130 00:10:01,192 --> 00:10:02,192 Kufa. 131 00:10:02,192 --> 00:10:07,952 Ali’s son Hasan was proclaimed a new caliph in Kufa, which became the capital during Ali’s 132 00:10:07,952 --> 00:10:09,252 short reign. 133 00:10:09,253 --> 00:10:14,633 But Muawiya had a far stronger army, thus Hasan stepped down as a caliph in order to 134 00:10:14,633 --> 00:10:19,643 avoid further bloodshed and a treaty between the sides was signed. 135 00:10:19,643 --> 00:10:23,613 According to the treaty: - Hasan accepted Muawiya as a caliph under 136 00:10:23,613 --> 00:10:26,453 the condition that he would act in accordance with Islam 137 00:10:26,452 --> 00:10:32,212 - Muawiya should not appoint a successor and a new caliph should be elected by the electoral 138 00:10:32,212 --> 00:10:37,362 council - Shura - Muawiya should abandon cursing Ali and persecuting 139 00:10:37,363 --> 00:10:40,313 Ali’s family and supporters. 140 00:10:40,312 --> 00:10:45,942 But Muawiya would not stay true to his pledges and towards the end of his reign he designated 141 00:10:45,942 --> 00:10:48,872 his son Yazid as a successor. 142 00:10:48,873 --> 00:10:53,903 This would be breaking off the tradition of the Islamic Caliphate as a state, which elected 143 00:10:53,903 --> 00:10:57,983 its leader through consultation or election, to a monarchy. 144 00:10:57,982 --> 00:11:03,902 Muawiya summoned the Shura in Damascus, the new capital of the Caliphate and through persuasion 145 00:11:03,903 --> 00:11:08,143 and bribery was able to secure support for Yazid. 146 00:11:08,143 --> 00:11:12,913 This development caused significant opposition in different quarters and this opposition 147 00:11:12,913 --> 00:11:18,673 started gathering around Muhammad’s grandson and Ali’s son, Husain, who replaced Hasan, 148 00:11:18,673 --> 00:11:22,413 who passed away in 670, as the leader. 149 00:11:22,413 --> 00:11:27,373 Despite the opposition, Muawiya was able to secure the support of Mecca and Medina for 150 00:11:27,373 --> 00:11:28,373 Yazid. 151 00:11:28,373 --> 00:11:34,403 Ali’s capital Kufa was the potential stronghold of the opposition and the death of Muawiya 152 00:11:34,403 --> 00:11:40,493 in 680 put the events, which would further divide the Islamic World, into action. 153 00:11:40,493 --> 00:11:45,533 Following Muawiya’s death Yazid became a new caliph and immediately demanded allegiance 154 00:11:45,533 --> 00:11:46,562 of Husain. 155 00:11:46,562 --> 00:11:51,913 Yazid’s envoy could not persuade Husain to do this and was afraid of killing him, 156 00:11:51,913 --> 00:11:55,033 since Husain was the Prophet’s grandson. 157 00:11:55,033 --> 00:12:00,003 Around the same time, the people of the city of Kufa started sending letters to Husain 158 00:12:00,003 --> 00:12:05,663 informing him about their opposition to the Umayyad rule, their support for him and intention 159 00:12:05,663 --> 00:12:09,653 to remove Yazid from power and install him instead. 160 00:12:09,653 --> 00:12:14,993 The Kufans sided with Ali during the first Fitna, continued to support his family by 161 00:12:14,993 --> 00:12:20,293 backing Hasan and were unhappy when he abdicated in favour of Muawiya. 162 00:12:20,293 --> 00:12:26,533 Husain accepted this call and sent his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil to Kufa to assess the situation 163 00:12:26,533 --> 00:12:28,572 and gather support. 164 00:12:28,572 --> 00:12:34,122 Initially, Muslim ibn Aqil was very successful and he informed Hussain of the progress. 165 00:12:34,123 --> 00:12:39,072 Yazid was forced to change the governor of Kufa to defeat the opposition in the city 166 00:12:39,072 --> 00:12:42,783 and the new governor succeeded in doing just that. 167 00:12:42,783 --> 00:12:48,233 With the support dwindling, Muslim ibn Aqil decided to carry out a revolt before Husain’s 168 00:12:48,232 --> 00:12:50,872 arrival, but it was defeated. 169 00:12:50,873 --> 00:12:57,093 Husain did not know about this and in September 680 started his journey towards Kufa with 170 00:12:57,092 --> 00:13:00,102 around 50 men and his family members. 171 00:13:00,102 --> 00:13:05,532 On the way Husain received information about the death of Muslim ibn Aqil and the defeat 172 00:13:05,533 --> 00:13:07,363 of the revolt in Kufa. 173 00:13:07,363 --> 00:13:12,283 He called on those who joined him on the way to leave, understanding the futility of his 174 00:13:12,283 --> 00:13:14,633 attempt to challenge Yazid. 175 00:13:14,633 --> 00:13:20,012 Very soon Yazid’s forces confronted Husain and an envoy of the Kufa’s new governor 176 00:13:20,011 --> 00:13:25,062 told Husain to come with him or turn back and go anywhere, but Medina. 177 00:13:25,062 --> 00:13:30,962 Husain refused and continued on his path with the envoys forces accompanying him. 178 00:13:30,962 --> 00:13:35,712 On the 2nd of October Husain reached Karbala and set camp there. 179 00:13:35,712 --> 00:13:41,362 On the following day Yazid sent additional 4k men to confront Husain. 180 00:13:41,363 --> 00:13:46,443 The Umayyad army had orders to prevent Husain’s men from accessing the Euphrates river, in 181 00:13:46,442 --> 00:13:50,232 order to force them to concede due to lack of water. 182 00:13:50,232 --> 00:13:56,012 But 3 days later Husain’s group was able to access water, creating a stalemate. 183 00:13:56,013 --> 00:14:01,163 For over a week Yazid’s officials had tried to persuade Husain to accept his fate and 184 00:14:01,163 --> 00:14:06,702 pledge allegiance to Yazid, since they understood the consequences of attacking the Prophet’s 185 00:14:06,702 --> 00:14:07,702 grandson. 186 00:14:07,702 --> 00:14:13,394 Ultimately, Husain refused the offers of Yazid and on the 10th of October the Umayyad army 187 00:14:13,394 --> 00:14:18,262 approached Husain’s camp and both sides took their battle positions. 188 00:14:18,261 --> 00:14:23,802 Husain’s companions fought valiantly, but the forces were extremely uneven - he and 189 00:14:23,802 --> 00:14:26,062 his men were massacred. 190 00:14:26,062 --> 00:14:31,692 This included 7 sons of Ali, including Husain himself, two of Husain’s son’s, three 191 00:14:31,692 --> 00:14:36,492 sons of his brother Hasan and other grandchildren of Ali. 192 00:14:36,493 --> 00:14:39,083 Many from the prophet’s family were killed. 193 00:14:39,082 --> 00:14:45,322 This was a final straw completing the schism in the Islamic world and dividing into Sunni 194 00:14:45,322 --> 00:14:46,873 and Shia. 195 00:14:46,873 --> 00:14:52,083 The process, which started with the dispute over succession to Muhammad and continued 196 00:14:52,082 --> 00:14:58,283 with killing of Ali and Husain caused the split of Islam with Shiat Ali - Ali’s Party 197 00:14:58,283 --> 00:15:03,502 - first becoming a political movement within Islam and later transforming into a branch 198 00:15:03,501 --> 00:15:09,673 of Islam offering alternative interpretation of Quran and Hadiths, its own view on Islamic 199 00:15:09,673 --> 00:15:15,043 jurisprudence, on state and some religious practices, venerating the People of the House 200 00:15:15,043 --> 00:15:20,163 (Ahl al-Bayt) Muhammad’s direcet descendants as his righteous succesors. 201 00:15:20,163 --> 00:15:25,632 The Sunni, also known as The People of the Sunnah and the Community - Ahl as-Sunnah wa 202 00:15:25,631 --> 00:15:31,182 l-jamaah) remained the majority in Islam and although naturally there have been some transformation 203 00:15:31,182 --> 00:15:36,102 in the Sunni Islam in comparison with early Islam coming with new times and different 204 00:15:36,102 --> 00:15:41,232 interpretations of holy texts by the Sunni scholars, the main distinctions between the 205 00:15:41,232 --> 00:15:46,612 two largest branches of Islam go back to the events we have described above. 206 00:15:46,613 --> 00:15:51,553 And while the Sunni theology respects the Ahl al-Bayt as well, it rejects the premise 207 00:15:51,552 --> 00:15:56,052 that the Islamic Ummah should be ruled by Ahl al-Bayt. 208 00:15:56,052 --> 00:16:01,011 The Killing of Ali, massacre of Husain, his family members and companions strengthened 209 00:16:01,011 --> 00:16:06,722 the sense of injustice against the Prophet’s family among the Shia Muslims and turned martyrdom 210 00:16:06,722 --> 00:16:08,572 into one of its main pillars. 211 00:16:08,572 --> 00:16:13,351 Ali’s martyrdom during the prayer, Husain’s martyrdom during the struggle against the 212 00:16:13,351 --> 00:16:19,151 perceived tyrant and usurper, turned into a powerful symbol of the Shia Islam. 213 00:16:19,152 --> 00:16:24,443 The first month of the Muslim calendar - Muharram is the annual period of mourning for the Shia 214 00:16:24,442 --> 00:16:30,342 Muslims with the 10th of Muharram known as Ashura, the day of the Battle of Karbala, 215 00:16:30,342 --> 00:16:33,712 becoming the peak day of mourning ceremonies. 216 00:16:33,712 --> 00:16:39,271 Millions of devoted Shias make the Arbaeen pilgrimage on foot to the Holy Shrine of Imam 217 00:16:39,272 --> 00:16:42,282 Husain in Karbala every year. 218 00:16:42,282 --> 00:16:47,953 The Shia defeat in the Battle of Karbala did not stop the supporters of the Ahl al-Bayt 219 00:16:47,952 --> 00:16:52,732 from opposing the existing state of affairs in the Islamic World. 220 00:16:52,732 --> 00:16:57,802 Dissenters to the existing state of affairs in Islam would take up the flag of the Party 221 00:16:57,802 --> 00:17:01,241 of Ali and challenge the rule of the Caliphate. 222 00:17:01,241 --> 00:17:07,103 Numerous powerful states and dynasties such as the Fatimids, Buyids, Nizaris, Safavids 223 00:17:07,103 --> 00:17:12,292 and others emerged throughout the Islamic world armed with the powerful idea of Shia 224 00:17:12,291 --> 00:17:13,641 Islam. 225 00:17:13,642 --> 00:17:18,182 In our episode on the Hashashins, link to which is in description and pinned comment, 226 00:17:18,182 --> 00:17:22,872 you can learn about some of the events that followed the Muslim Schism, and we are planning 227 00:17:22,872 --> 00:17:27,782 more episodes on the topic, so make sure you are subscribed and have pressed the bell button 228 00:17:27,781 --> 00:17:30,271 to see the next video in the series. 229 00:17:30,271 --> 00:17:33,751 Please, consider liking, commenting, and sharing - it helps immensely. 230 00:17:33,751 --> 00:17:38,962 Our videos would be impossible without our kind patrons and youtube channel members, 231 00:17:38,962 --> 00:17:43,423 whose ranks you can join via the links in the description to know our schedule, get 232 00:17:43,423 --> 00:17:47,612 early access to our videos, access our discord, and much more. 233 00:17:47,612 --> 00:17:52,262 This is the Kings and Generals channel, and we will catch you on the next one.